PART 2

Class GASTROPODA

PULMONTA – The Pulmonate Snails
(LYMNAEIDAE – VERTIGINIDAE)

Superfamilies

LYMNAEOIDEA PLANORBOIDEA ELLOBIOIDEA VERONICELLOIDEA SUCCINEOIDEA ACHATINELLOIDEA COCHLICOPOIDEA PUPILLOIDEA

Superfamily LYMNAEOIDEA

Family LYMNAEIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Subfamily LYMNAEINAE Rafinesque, 1915

Genus Fossaria Westerlund, 1885

Fossaria Westerlund, 1885; Fauna der in der paläartischen Region lebenden Binnenconchylien, V: 49.

TYPE SPECIES — Buccinum truncatula Müller, 1774

DISTRIBUTION — Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, the West Indies, Central America and South America.

TAXONOMY — Numerous species.

Subgenus Fossaria Westerlund, 1885

DISTRIBUTION — The Holarctic Realm.

TAXONOMY — Numerous species. One species and two subspecies occurs in the study area.

Fossaria obrussa abrussa (Say, 1825)

Lymnaeus obrussus Say, 1825; Jour. Phila. Acad., 5: 123.

Galba obrussa (Say). F. C. Baker, 1911; Chicago Acad. Sci. Spec. Pub.., 3: 270-283; pl. 26, figs. 8-13; pl. 31, figs. 20-37.

Fossaria obrussa (Say). Taylor, 1966; Veliger, 9: 209 — Burch, 1980; Walkerana, 1: 172; figs. 570, 575 (shell).

Lymnaea decidiosa (Gould). Pilsbry, 1904; Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Phila., 54: 777.

TYPE LOCALITY — Harrowgate, Philadelphia Co., Pennsylvania. Two syntypes ANSP 58700.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Widely distributed in the Canada and the United States south to Texas and Arizona. A singe record exists for Mexico. COAHUILA: Saltillo (Pilsbry, 1904)

Fossaria(Fossarria) obrussa modicella (Say, 1825)

Lymnaeus modicellus Say, 1825; Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5: 122.

Galba humilis modicella (Say). F. C. Baker, 1911; Chicago Acad. Sci. Sp. Pub., 3: 259-268; pl. 29, figs. 31-37 (shell); pl. 31, figs. 1-9 (shell).

Fossaria (Fossarria) modicella (Say). Bequaert & Miller, 1973: 190-191.

Fossarria obrussa modicella (Say). Burch, 1980; Walkerana, 1: 172; fig. 574.

TYPE LOCALITY — Susquehanna River at Oswego, Tioga Co., New Youk. Syntypes ANSP 58790 (2).

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Widespread in North America south to the Mexican border. BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE: Sierra Laguna (F. C. Baker, 1911). CHIHUAHUA: Laguna Toronto, La Boquilla, Dist. Camargo (ca. 27º30’ N, 105º30” W) (Bequaert & Miller, 1973). SONORA: 10 mi. N of Imuris, 3300 ft. alt. (30º50’ N, 110º50’ W) (Bequaert & Miller, 1973).

Subgenus Bakerlymnaea Weyrauch, 1964

Nasonia F. C. Baker, 1928; Bull. Wisconsin Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey, 70 (1): 264 (non Nasonia Ashmead, 1904, Hymenoptera).

Bakerlymnaea Weyrauch, 1964; Arch. für Moll., 93: 169.

TYPE SEPCIES — Lymnaea cubensis Pfeiffer, 1839.

DISTRIBUTION — Southern United States and the West Indies south to Patagonia.

TAXONOMY — Numerous species and subspecies are recognized. Three occur in the study area.

Fossarria (Bakerlymnaea) bulimoides techella (Haldeman, 1867)

Limnaea techella Haldeman, 1867; Amer. Jour. Conch., 3: 194; pl. 6, fig. 4 (shell).

Galba bulimoides techella (Haldeman). F. C. Baker, 1911; Chicago Acad. Sci. Sp. Pub., 3: 214-217; pl. 27, figs. 30-35 (shell); pl. 28, figs. 1-3, 8 (shell).

Stagnicola (Bakerlymnaea) bulimoides techella (Haldeman). Bequaert & Miller, 1971: 195-196.

Fossarria (Bakerlymnaea) bulimoides techella (Haldeman). Burch, 1980; Walkerana, 1: 174; fig. 586 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Texas. Syntypes ANSP 59604 (4).

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE: nr. San Diego Co., California (F. C. Baker, 1911). SONORA: pond on hwy. 15, 55 mi. S of Nogales; drift of Rio Sonoyta, Sonoyta; estuary of Rio Mayo at Huatobampito; Rio Yaqui, 4 mi. N of Cd. Obregon (Bequaert & Miller, 1973). TAMAULIPAS; drift of Rio Purificacion nr. Carmen, 24 mi. W of Padilla (Bequaert & Miller, 1973).

Fossaria (Bakerlymnaea) cubensis (Pfeiffer, 1839)

Limnaea cubensis Pfeiffer, 1839; in Wiegm. Arch., 1: 354 — Strebel, 1873: 58; pl. 4, fig. 33 — Fischer & Crosse, 1880: 50 — Pilsbry, 1891; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 55: 320 — Von Martens, 1899; 379.

Lymnaea cubensis (Pfeiffer). Hinkley, 1907; Nautilus, 21: 78.

Galba cubensis (Pfeiffer). F. C. Baker, 1911; Chicago Acad. Sci. Sp. Pub., 3: 204-28; pl. 27, figs. 9-16 (shell).

Fossaria (Bakerlymnaea) cubensis (Pfeiffer). Burch, 1980: 174; fig. 387 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Cuba.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Florida and Texas south to Venezuela; the West Indies. GUATEMALA, Dept. Sacatepequez: Antigua. BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE: Sanzal, Bahia Todos Santo (F. C. Baker, 1911). SAN LUIS POTOSI: El Abra; Cd. Victoria (Hinkley, 1907). VERACRUZ: Cd. Veracruz; Rio Tenoya; Orizaba (Von Martens, 1899).

Fossaria (Bakerlymnaea) viator (Orbigny, 1835)

Limnaeus viator Orbigny, 1835; Magazin de Zoologie, 1835: 24.

Lymnaea viator Orbigny. Pilsbry, 1911; Princeton Univ. Exped. to Patagonia, pt. 5: 525; text-fig. 1 (radula); pl. 46, fig. 8 (shell) — Hubendick, 1951 — Künglica Svenka Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 3 (1): 140-141; figs. 323 (map), 324 (shell).

Limnaeus viatrix Orbigny, 1835; Voyage dans L’Amérique Méridional, Moll.: 340; pl. 43, figs. 1-3 (error for Limnaeus viator Orbigny).

Lymnaea viatrix (Orbigny). Paraense, 1982; Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 77: 181-188.

Fossaria viatrix (Orbigny). Rangel-Ruiz, 1994; Walkerana, 7: 29-37; fig. 1 (shell) — Rangel-Ruiz, 1995; Malacological Review, 28: 71-79.

TYPE LOCALITY — Restricted by Pilsbry to banks of the Rio Negro, 7 or 8 leagues above the mouth, 41º S lat., Argentina.

DISTRIBUTION — México and Cuba south to Chile and Argentina (Paraense, 1982). The identity of Mexican populations attributed to this species requires confirmation. CAMPECHE: Ciudad de Carmen. JALISCO: Lago de Chapala. TABASCO: Tecotlapa; Teapa. VERACRUZ: Jalapa; Teoloyucán.

Genus Pseudosuccinea F. C. Baker, 1908

Pseudosuccinea F. C. Baker, 1908; Science, n. s., 27: 943.

TYPE SPECIES — Lymnaea columella Say, 1817.

DISTRIBUTION — North America south to Panama, and the West Indies.

TAXONOMY — A single species, Pseudosuccinea columlla, is recognized in North and Central America. Pseudosuccinea fransisca (Poey, 1858) is a Cuban species.

Pseudosuccinea columella(Say, 1817)

Lymnaea columella Say, 1917; Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1: 44.

Pseudosuccinea columella (Say, 1817). F. C. Baker, 1911; Sp. Pub. Chicago Acad. Sci., 3: 163-171; pl. 10, fig. B (reproductive anatomy); pl. 23, figs. 8-30 (shell); pl. 23, figs. 1-4 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Not stated.

DISTRIBUTION — The typical form is found from Nova Scotia west to Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas. It has been widely introduced elsewhere (Hubendich, 1951: 52).

TAXONOMY — F. C. Baker (1911) lists four subspecies. He reports only Pseudosuccinea columella championi from the study area.

Pseudosuccinea columella championi(Von Martens, 1899)

Limnaea columella var. championi Von Martens, 1899: 379; pl. 19, fig. 12 (shell).

Pseudosuccinea columella championi (Von Martens). F. C. Baker, 1911; Sp. Pub. Chicago Acad. Sci., 3: 175-177; pl. 24, fig. 20 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Bigabo, Panama.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Central Mexico south to Panama. PANAMA: Bigabo. NICARAGUA, Dept. Chontales: Polvón. MEXICO: Cd. Mexico. MICHOACÁN: lake nr. Uruapan. NAYARIT: Tepic.

REMARKS — The taxonomic status and geographic distribution of this subspecies need to be investigated.

Genus Stagnicola Leach,1830

TYPE SPECIES — Buccinum paluistris Müller, 1774.

DISTRIBUTION — Circumboreal; North America south to central Mexico.

TAXONOMY — Two subgenera are recognized in the Nearctic Region. One occurs in the study area. The number of species in Stagnicola is debatable. Stagnicola elodes is the only recognized in the study area. Lymnaeus attenuatus is considered a synonym, but further study may reveal it to be a distinct species.

Stagnicola elodes (Say, 1821)

Lymnaeus elodes Say, 1821; Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2: 169.

Galba elodes (Say). F. C. Baker, 1911; Chicago Acad. Sci. Sp. Pub., 3: 322-327; pl. 30, figs. 32-34; pl. 34, figs. 11-19, 21-24 (shell).

Stagnicola elodes (Say). Burch, 1980; Walkerana, 1: 176; figs. 600-606, 611 (shell).

Lymnaea elodes (Say). Paraense, 1994; Malacological Review, 27: 5-11; figs. 1-3 (shell), 4-7 (reproductive anatomy), 8-11 (digestive system), 12 (pallial organs), 13 (radula).

Lymnaeus decidiosus (Say). Pilsbry, 1904: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 55: 777.

Lymnaeus attenuatus Say, 1829; New Harmony Dis., II: 244.

Lymnaea attenuata (Say). Strebel, 1873: 57; pl. 5, figs. 32, 32a — Fischer & Crosse, 1880: 49 — Von Martens, 1899: 375-377 — Pilsbry, 1904; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 55: 776.

Galba attenuata (Say). F. C. Baker, 1911; Chicago Acad. Sci. Spec. Publ. 3: 353-355; pl. 37, figs. 33, 34 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Lymnaeus attenuatus: ditches and ponds in the vicinity of Mexico City, Mexico. Syntypes in the ANSP.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Interior basin of Canada south to new England, California and New Mexico with outlying populations in central Mexico. COAHUILA: Saltillo (Pilsbry, 1904). HIDALGO: Zimapan (Von Martens, 1899). MEXICO: Tlalpam (Pilsbry, 1904). Lago de Chalco (Von Martens, 1899). MORELOS: Laguna de Quila, nr. Zempoala (Paraense, 1994).

Superfamily PLANORBOIDEA

Family ANCYLIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Subfamily FERRISSIINAE Walker, 1917

Genus Ferrissia Walker, 1908

Ferrissia Walker, 1908; Nautilus, 17: 15 — Basch, 1963; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 129: 126-128.

TYPE SPECIES — Ancylus rivularis Say, 1817.

DISTRIBUTION — North America and the West Indies south to Panama.

TAXONOMY — Numerous species have been described. Basch (1963) places many of these in synonymy. The taxonomic status of the Middle American species remains to be determined. Two species are listed for the study area.

Ferrissia bayacalifornicaWalker, 1924

Ferrissia bayacalifornica Walker, 1924; Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 14: 431; fig. 1 — Wurtz, 1951; Nautilus, 64: 124.

Ferrissia walkeri (Pilsbry & Ferriss). Basch, 1963; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 129: 433.

TYPE LOCALITY — A small pool 2.5 miles inland from San Jose del Cabo, Baja California Sur. Holotype in the UMMZ.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — BAJA CALIFORNIA: known only from the type locality.

Ferrissia occidentalisWalker, 1924

Ferrissia occidentalis Walker, 1924; Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 14: 431; fig. 2.

Ferrissia walkeri (Pilsbry & Ferriss). Basch, 1963; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 129: 433.

TYPE LOCALITY — A small pool 2.5 miles inland from San Jose del Cabo, Baja California Sur. Holotype in the UMMZ.

DISRIBUTION RECORDS — BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: known only from the type locality.

Genus Gundlachia Pfeiffer, 1849

Gundlachia Pfeiffer, 1849; Zeitsch. für Malak., 6: 98 — Wurtz, 1951; Nautilus, 64: 126.

TYPE SEPCIES — Gundlachia ancyliformis Pfeiffer, 1849.

DISTRIBUTION — North America south to Guatemala and Honduras.

TAXONOMY — Wurtz (1951) recognizes seven species.

Gundlachia hinkleyiWalker, 1917

Gundlachia hinkleyi Walker, 1917; Nautilus, 31: 51-53; pl. 1, figs. 10-16 (shell); pl. 3, fig. 1 (radula) — Hinkley, 1920; Nautilus, 34: 38, 40 — Wurtz, 1951; Nautilus, 64: 126.

TYPE LOCALITY — Maya Farms, Quirigua, Dept. Izabal, Guatemala. Holotype UMMZ 43455.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — GUATEMALA, Dept. Guatemala: Lago de Amatitlan (Hinkley, 1920). Dept. Izabal: Quirigua.

Gundlachia hjalmarsoni Pfeiffer, 1858

Gundlachia hjalmarsoni Pfeiffer, 1859; Malak. Blätt., 5: 197 — Von Martens, 1899: 403 — Wurtz, 1951; Nautilus, 64: 126.

TYPE LOCALITY — Santa Rosa, Honduras.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — HONDURAS: known only from the type locality.

Genus HebetancylusPilsbry, 1914

Hebetancylus Pilsbry, 1914; proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Phila., 65: 671 — Wurtz, 1951; Nautilus, 64: 126 — Basch, 1963; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 129: 422.

TYPE SPECIES — Ancylus moricandi Orbigny, 1837

DISTRIBUTION — Cuba and Hispaniola in the Wst Indies; Florida and Texas south to Brazil and Paraguay.

TAXONOMY — Wurtz lists eight species in the genus. Two occur in the study area.

Hebetancylus excentricus(Morelet, 1851)

Ancylus excentricus Morelet, 1851; Test. Noviss., II: 17 — Fischer & Crosse, 1886: 37; pl. 30, figs. 16, 16a (shell) — Pilsbry, 1891; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 43: 3 — Von Martens, 1899: 402-403 — Pilsbry, 1904; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 55: 777.

Velletia excentrica (Morelet). Tate, 1970; Amer. Jour. Conch., 5: 158.

Laevapex excentricus (Morelet). Hinkley, 1920; Nautilus, 34: 39, 40 — Walker, 1923; The Ancylidae of South Africa: 10 — Bequaert & Clench, 1936; Pub. Carnegie Inst. Wash., (457): 70.

Ferrissia excentrica (Morelet). Wurtz, 1951; Nautilus, 64: 125 — Solem, 1954; Nautilus, 68: 6-7.

Gundlachia excentrica (Morelet). Taylor, 1966; Veliger, 9: 206.

Hebetancylus excentricus (Morelet). Basch, 1963; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 129: 422-426; fig. 9 (shell), fig. 10 (anatomy) — Burch, 1980; Walkerana, 1: 214; figs. 762, 769 (shell).

Ancylus excentricus var. biolleyi Von Martens, 1899: 402.

Ancylus excentricus var. pittieri Von Martens, 1899: 402.

TYPE LOCALITY — Lago de Itza [Petén], Dept. Petén, Guatemala.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Florida and Texas south to Costa Rica. COSTA RICA, Prov. San Jose: Rio Torres; San Jose (Von Martens, 1899). Prov. Puntarenas: Rio de Las Platanales (Von Martens, 1899). NICARAGUA, Dept. Chontales: San Nicolas, San Agustin (Tate, 1870). GUATEMALA, Dept. Guatemala: lago de Amatitlan (Hinkley, 1920). Dept. Izabal: Quirigua (Hinkley, 1920). Dept. Petén: Lago de Itza. COAHUILA: Rio Salado de los Nadadores, at El Cariño de la Montaña, 20 mi. E of Cuatro Cienegas (Taylor, 1966). DURANGO: Laguna del Progreso (Solem, 1944). MICHOACÁN: pressa nr. Uruapan (Pilsbry, 1903). YUCATAN: Shkolak (Pilsbry, 1891); Xanaba Cenote Grande, 8 mi. SW of Chichen Itza; Chotch Cenote 2 mi. NE of Pista (Bequaret & Clench, 1936).

Hebetancylus providentialisWurtz, 1951

Hebetancylus providentialis Wurtz, 1951; Nautilus, 64: 127-128; pl. 4, figs. 8, 8a.

TYPE LOCALITY — HFLMNHfington’s Creek, Old Providence Island, Colombia. Holotype ANSP 186643a.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — COLOMBIA, Old Providence Island: known only from the type locality.

Genus Laevapex Walker, 1908

Laevapex Walker, 1908; Nautilus, 1908, 17: 15 — Wurtz, 1951; Nautilus, 64: 125 — Basch, 1963; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 129: 418.

TYPE SPECIES — Ancylus fuscus C. B. Adams, 1841.

DISTRIBUTION — North America and the West Indies south to Panama.

TAXONOMY — Approximately ten species are recognized in the literature. Four occur in the study area.

Laevapex aguadae(Goodrich & van der Schalie, 1937)

Ferrissia (Laevapex) aguadae Goodrich & van der Schalie, 1937; Misc. Pub. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., (34): 34-35; pl. 1, figs. 7, 7a (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Aguada de Copó, 1 mile south of La Libertad, Dept. Petén, Guatemala. Holotype in the UMMZ.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — GUATEMALA: Goodrich & van der Schalie report this species from seven unspecified localities.

Laevapex joseana(Morrison, 1946)

Ferrissia (Laevapex) joseana Morrison, 1946; Smiths. Misc. Coll., 106: 39; pl. 1, figs. 5, 6 (shell) — Wurtz, 1951; Nautilus, 64: 129.

TYPE LOCALITY — Flood-plain pools along the middle reaches of a stream opening into the northwest mangrove swamp on San José Island, Archipelago de las Perlas, Panama. Holotype USNM 542179.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — PANAMA: known only from the type locality.

Laevapex papillaris(Von Martens, 1899)

Ancylus papillaris Von Martens, 1899: 402; pl. 21, figs. 11, 11a, 12, 12a (shell) — Pilsbry, 1904; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 55: 777 — Wurtz, 1951; Nautilus, 64: 130.

TYPE LOCALITY — Rio Ameca, Jalisco.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — JALISCO: Rio Ameca. MEXICO: Tlalpam. MICHOACÁN: Uruapan. NUEVO LEON: Monterey (Pilsbry, 1904).

Laevapex sallei(Bourguignat, 1857)

Ancylus sallei Bourguignat, 1857; Aménités Malac., ii: 32 — Bourguignat, 1857; Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1857: 16 — Strebel, 1873: 63; pl. 4, fig. 35 (shell) — Fischer & Crosse, 1886: 38; pl. 30, figs. 17, 17a, 17b (shell) — Von Martens, 1899: 401.

TYPE LOCALITY — Laguna Larga de Toxpan, near Cordoba, Veracruz.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — VERACRUZ: Veracruz (Srebel, 1873).

Genus Uncancylus Pilsbry, 1914

Uncancylus Pilsbry, 1914; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65: 671 — Wurtz, 1951; Nautilus, 64: 128-129.

TYPE SPECIES — Ancylus barilensis Moricand, 1845.

DISTRIBUTION — Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Costa Rica south to Brazil and Argentina.

TAXONOMY — Wurtz (1951) lists seven species and one subspecies. Two occur in the study area.

Uncancylus ameliaePilsbry, 1920

Uncancylus ameliae Pilsbry, 1920; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 72: 9; lower and right text-fig. 4 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Rio Zapote, at confluence with the Rio Reventazón, Cartago Prov., Costa Rica; 3450 ft. alt. Holotype ANSP 105260.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — COSTA RICA: known only from the type locality.

Uncancylus calvertiPilsbry, 1920

Uncancylus calverti Pilsbry, 1920; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 72: 7-9; left and upper text-fig. 4 (shell); text-fig. 5 (radula).

TYPE LOCALITY — Brook near Rio Reventazón, Juan Viñas, Cartago Prov., Costa Rica; 2500 ft. alt. Holotype ANSP 105277.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — COSTA RICA: known only from the type locality.

Undetermined species of Ancylidae

Ancylus haldemaniBoettger, 1853

Ancylus depressus Boettger, 1844; Monogr.: 4 (non Ancylus depressus Deshayes, 1824).

Ancylus haldemani Boettger, 1853; Jour. de Conchyl., 4: 180 — Binney, 1865; land & Freshwater Shells N. Amer., 2: 141; fig. 236. — Wurtz, 1951; Nautilus, 64: 130.

TYPE LOCALITY — Mexico.

DISRTRIBUTION RECORDS — Unknown.

Ancylus salleiBoettger, 1857

Ancylus sallei Boettger, 1857; Rev. Mag. Zool., 9: 16 — Wurtz, 1951; Nautilus, 64: 131.

TYPE LOCALITY — Mexico and Cuba.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Unknown

Family PLANORBIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Subfamily PLANORBINAE Rafinesque, 1815

Genus Gyraulus Charpentier, 1837

Gyraulus Charpentier, 1837; Mem. Soc. Helv. De Sci. Natur., 1: 21.

TYPE SPECIES — Planorbis hispidus Draparnaud (= Planorbis albus O. F. Múller, 1774).

DISTRIBUTION — Europe, Africa, Asia, the Philippines, Australia, Tasmania, New Caledonia, Fiji and North America.

TAXONOMY — Four subgenera are recognized (Zilch, 1959). One occurs in the study area.

Subgenus Torquis Dall, 1905

Torquis Dall, 1905; Harriman Alaska Exp., XIII: 83, 86.

TYPE SPECIES — Planorbis parvus Say, 1817.

DISTRIBUTION — North America, northern Asia, Europe.

TAXONOMY — Three species occur in North America (Burch, 1980). A single species occurs in the study area. A second species is placed here provisionally.

Gyraulus(Torquis) parvus (Say, 1817)

Planorbis parvus Say, 1817; in Nicholson’s Encyclop., 2: pl. 1, fig. 5 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1891; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 43: 322.

Planorbis (Gyraulas) parvus Say. Von Martens, 1899: 394.

Gyraulus parvus (Say). Branson, McCoy & Sisk, 1964; Southwestern Naturalist, 9: 103-104 — Bequaert & Miller, 1973: 204-205 — Burch, 1980; Walkerana, 1: 194; fig. 709 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Delaware River, eastern North America.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — North America from Alaska and northern Canada to the Greater Antilles and south in Mexico at least to Morelos. MORELOS: Yautepec (Pilsbry, 1891). SONORA: Rio Nacuzari, 7 mi. S of Nacuzari (Branson, et al, 1964).

Gyraulus “percarinatus” Paraense, 2000

Gyraulus percarinatus Paraense, 2000; Malac. Rev., 33/34: 16-19; fig. 11A (shell), fig. 11B (reproductive anatomy), fig. 12 (radula).

TYPE LOCALITY — Grounds of the Faculty of Agronomy, Panama University of Tocumen, Panama Prov., Panama. No type specimens designated.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — PANAMA: known only from the type locality.

TAXONOMY — The name Gyraulus percarinatus Paraense, 2000 is invalid, because the description does not include the designation of a holotype as required by ICZN Articles 16.4 and 62.4.

Subfamilly DREPANOTREMINAE Zilch, 1959

DISTRIBUTION — American subtropics and tropics from Texas and the Greater Antilles south to Argentina.

TAXONOMY — Three are recognized, Antillorbis, Drepanotrema, and a Brazilian genus, Acrorbis Ohdner, 1937.

Genus Antillorbis Harry & Hubendick 1964

Antillorbis Harry & Hubendick, 1964; Göeborgs Kungl. Vetenskaps-och Vitterhets-samhölles handlingar, ser. 6, ser. B: 29-30.

TYPE SPECIES — Planorbis circumlineatus Shuttleworth, 1854 (= Planorbis aerugnosus Morelet, 1851).

DISTRIBUTION — The west Indies, Mexico and Central America.

TAXONOMY — A single species is recognized.

Antillorbis aeruginosus(Morelet, 1851)

Planorbis aeruginosus Morelet, 1851; Test. Noviss., II: 15.

Gyraulus aeruginosus (Morelet). Goodrich & van der Schalie, 1937; Misc. Pub. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., (34): 33.

Antillorbis feruginosus (Morelet). Harry & Hubendick, 1964; Göeborgs Kungl. Vetenskaps-och Vitterhets-samhölles handlingar, ser. 6, ser. B: 30-33; figs. 90-92, 114-117 (shell), fig. 25(jaw), fig. 26 (radula), figs. 27-30 (anatomy).

Drepanotrema (Antillorbis) aeruguinosus (Morelet). Bequaert & Miller, 1973: 209 — Burch, 1980; Walkerana, 1 (3): 194, 196; fig. 710 (shell).

Planorbis salleanus Dunker, 1853; Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 54.

Planorbis circumlineatus Shuttleworth, 1854; Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 6: 72 — Shuttleworth, 1854; Mill. Naturf. Ges. Bern, 1854: 96.

Planorbaria circumlineatus (Shuttleworth). Neubert & Gosteli, 2003; Contributions in Natural History, 1: 17; pl. 1, figs. 1.

Planorbis lineatus sonorensis Cooper, 1893; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (2), 3: 343; pl. 14, figs. 10a-d (shell).

Planorbis filocinctus Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1906; proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 58: 156; pl. 9, figs. 1-3 (shell). (not Planorbis filocinctus von Sandberger, 1875).

Planorbis arizonensis Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1915; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 67: 390 (replacement name for Planorbis filicinctus P. & F.).

Gyraulus arizonensis (Pilsbry & Ferriss). Richards, 1937; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 77: 255.

Planorbis santacruzensis Germain, 1932; Rec. Indian Museum, 21: 138; figs. 18-21 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITIES — Planorbis aeruginosis: Lago de Izabal, Guatemala. Planorbis salleans: Santo Domingo (= Hispaniola). Planorbis circumlineatus: Humacoa, Puerto Rico. Syntypes Naturhistorische Museum Bern 18952/16 (Neubert & Gosteli, 2003: 17). Planorbis lineatus sonorensis: San Miguel, Sonora. Planorbis filicinctus: drift of San Pedro River, Benson, Cochis Co., Arizona. Planorbis santacruzensis: St. Croix.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — West Indies, southern Texas and Arizona south to Panama. GUATEMALA, Dept. Guatemala: outlet of Lago Amatitlan, nr. Cd. Guatemala (Goodrich & van der Schalie, 1937). Dept. Izabal: Lago de Izabal (Morelet, 1851). QUINTANA ROO: Cozumel Island, swamp nr. San Miguel; swamp nr. San Gerbacio (Richards, 1937). SONORA: San Miguel (Cooper, 1893).

Genus Drepanotrema Fischer & Crosse, 1880

Drepanotrema Fischer & Crosse, 1880: 59, 75 — H. B. Baker, 1930; Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., (210): 48-51 — Pilsbry, 1934; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86: 58-59 — Harry & Hubendick, 1964; Meddel. Gotenb. Mus. Zool. Avdel., 136: 26-29.

TYPE SPECIES — Planorbis yzabelensis Crosse & Fischer, 1879 (= Planorbis anatinus Orbigny, 1835).

DISTRIBUTION — Tropical America from Texas and the west Indies south to Argentina.

TAXONOMY — Two subgenera are recognized.

Subgenus Drepanotrema Fischer & Crosse, 1880

DISTRIBUTION — Same as for the genus.

TAXONOMY — F. C. Baker (1945: 118) lists eight species. Two occur in the study area.

Drepanotrema (Drepanotrema) anatinum (Orbigny, 1835)

Planorbis anatinus Orbigny, 1835; Mag. De Zool., 5 (62): 28.

Drepanotrema anatinum (Orbigny). Aguayo, 1933; Nautilus, 47: 64-68 — F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 118; pl. 9, figs. 1-3 (reproductive anatomy); pl. 68, fig. 3 (radula); pl. 79, figs. 16-18 (shell); pl. 124, figs. 1-13, 30 (shell) — Harry & Hubendick, 1964; Meddel. Gotenb. Mus. Zool. Avdel., 136: 21, figs. 87-89, 118-120 (shell) — Paraense, 2000; Malac. Rev., 33: 12-13; figs. 7A (shell), 7B (reproductive anatomy}.

Planorbis haldemani C. B. Adams, 1849; Contrib. to Conch.: 43.

Planorbis aracasnsis Gundlach, 1857; Malak Blätt. 4: 179.

Planorbis esperanzensis Tryon, 1866; Amer. Jour. Conch., 2: 10; pl. 2, figs. 11-13.

Planorbis yzabalensis Crosse & Fischer, 1879; Jour. de Conchyl., 342 — Fischer & Crosse, 1880: 75; pl. 33, figs. 2, 2a-c (shell).

Planorbis (Hippeutus) yzabalensis (Crosse & Fischer). Von Martens, 1899: 397-398.

Anisus (Gyraulus) lenzi Benthem Jutting, 1943; Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 39: 460.

TYPE LOCALITY — Planorbis anatinus: Rio Parana, Argentina; syntype in the BMNH (Aguayo, 1933). Planorbis haldemani: Jamaica. Planorbis esperanzensis: Esperanza, Cuba. Planorbis aracasnsis: Trinidad, Cuba. Planorbis yzabalensis: Lago de Izabal, Guatemala. Anisus (Gyraulus) lenzi: Rio São Francisco, San Pedro Dias-Buchr, Pernambuco, Brazil.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Widely distributed throughout the West Indies and from Texas south to Argentina and Brazil. PANAMA, Canal Zone: Gamboa (Aguayo, 1933). Prov. Panama: ditch at the National University, Tocumán (Paraense, 2000). COSTA RICA, Prov. Guanacaste: Catalina (Paraense, 2000). NICARAGUA, Dept. Rivas: Rivas (Paraense, 2000). GUATEMALA, Dept. Izabal: Lago de Izabal, Mariscos; El Prado (Paraense, 2000). Dept. Santa Rosa: Rio Helado, Taxisco. BELIZE, Belize Dist.: Boston Village (Paraense, 2000). TABASCO: Rio Usumacinta; Balancan (Von Martens, 1899).

Drepanotrema (Drepanotrema) lucidum (Pfeiffer, 1839)

Planorbis lucidus Pfeiffer, 1839; in Weigmanns, Arch. für Naturgesch.: 354.

Planorbis (Dreopanotrema) lucidus Pfeiffer. Bequaert & Clench, 1936; Pub. Canegie Inst. Wash., (457): 67-68.

Drepanotrema lucidum (Pfeiffer). H. B. Baker, 1930; Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., (210): 48-49; pl. 28, fig. 9 (radula) — F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 118; pl. 11, figs. 1-7 (reproductive anatomy); pl. 46, fig. 16 (kidney); pl. 48, fig. 11 (stomach); pl. 50, fig. 27 (jaw); pl. 68, fig. 2 (radula); pl. 78, figs. 11-13 (shell); pl. 124, figs. 29, 30, 32 (shell); pl. 125, figs. 1-17 (shell) — Harry & Hubendick, 1964; Meddel. Gotenb. Mus. Zool. Avdel., 136: 22-23; figs. 84-86 (shell), figs. 121-123 (shell) — Paraense, 2000; Malac. Rev., 33/34: 16; fig. 9A (shell), fig. 9B (reproductive anatomy).

TYPE LOCALITY — Cuba.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — The West Indies and Mexico south to Brazil and Peru. NICARAGUA, Dept. Grenada: Grenada. Dept. Rivas: Rivas (Paraense, 2000). GUATEMALA, Dept. Izabal: Mariscos (Paraense, 2000). BELIZE, Belize Dist.: pond by rd. to International Airport (Paraense, 2000). YUCATAN: Aguado Halal nr. Merida; aguado 14 km N, 2 km E of Merida; Aguado Daadz, 6.5 mi. SW of Chichen Itza (Bequaert & Clench, 1936).

Subgenus Fossulorbis Pilsbry, 1934

Fossulorbis Pilsbry, 1934; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86: 59 — F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 118.

TYPE SPECIES — Planorbis cultratus Orbigny, 1841.

DISTRIBUTION — The West Indies and southern Texas south to Argentina.

TAXONOMY — Six species and four subspecies occur in the study area.

Drepanotrema(Fossulorbis) cimex (Moricand, 1839)

Planorbis cimex Moricand, 1839; Mèm. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat., Genève, 8: 143; pl. 3, figs. 8-9 (shell).

Drepanotrema (Fossulorbis) cimex (Moricand). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 148; pl. 127, figs. 1-3, 7, 8, 16 (shell); pl. 128, figs. 17-22 (shell). — Harry & Hubendick, 1964; Meddel. Gotenb. Mus. Zool. Avdel., 136: 24-28; figs. 81-83, 14-16, 130 (shell) — Burch, 1980; Walkerana, 1: 198; fig. 715 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Bahia, Brazil.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Known from southern Texas, Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, Venezuela and Brazil.

Drepanotrema(Fossulorbis) cultratum cultratum (Orbigny, 1841)

Planorbis cultratus Orbigny, 1841; in Sagra, Hist. Fis. Polit. y nat. de Cuba, Moluscos: 196; pl. 14, figs. 5-8 — Fischer & Crosse, 1880: 68; pl. 32, figs. 7, 7a-c (shell) — Von Martens, 1899: 395-396 — Hinkley, 1920; Nautilus, 34: 38.

Planorbis (Spiralina) cultratus Orbigny. Bequaert & Clench, 1936; Pub. Canegie Inst. Wash., (457): 67.

Drepanotrema cultratum (Orbigny). H. B. Baker, 1930; Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., (210): 51; pl. 29, fig. 8 (radula) — Pilsbry, 1934; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86: 60; pl. 11, figs. 7-8b (shell) — Richards, 1937; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 77: 255 — F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 118, 388, 392; pl. 76, fig. 10 (reproductive anatomy); pl. 78 figs., 17-19 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Martinique (Pilsbry, 1934: 60).

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — The Lesser Antilles, Venezuela and Colombia. NICARAGUA, Dept. Chontales: San Agustin, nr. Acoyapa (Von Martens, 1988). GUATEMALA, Dept. Guatemala: ditch along railroad at Laguna, Lago Amatitlan (Hinkley, 1920). QUINTANA ROO: swamp a few miles N of San Miguel (Richards, 1937). YUCATAN: Xanaba Cenote Grande, 8 km SW of Chichen Itza (Bequaert & Clench, 1936).

Drepanotrema(Fossulorbis) cultratum anitense (Cooper, 1893)

Planorbis (Anisus) anitensis Cooper, 1893; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, 3: 341-342; pl. 14, fig. 8 (shell).

Drepanotrema cultratum anitense (Cooper). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 118, 488; pl. 126, figs. 17-19 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Santa Anita, Baja California Sur.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: lagoon, Santa Rita (F. C. Bater, 1945).

Drepanotrema(Fossulorbis) cultratum dueñasianum (Tristram, 1861)

Planorbis dueñasensis Tristram, 1861; Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 232.

Drepanotrema cultratum dueñasianum (Tristram). Pilsbry, 1934; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86: 60; pl. 11, figs. 6, 6a, 6b (shell) — F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam Planorbidae: 118, 490; pl. 17, figs. 9-12 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Lago de Dueñas, Dept. Sacatepequez, Guatemala.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — GUATEMALA, Dept. Guatemala: pools along railroad nr. Lago de Amatitlan (Pilsbry, 1934). Dept. Sacatepequez: Lago de Dueñas.

Drepanotrema(Fossulorbis) cultratum labrosum Pilsbry, 1934

Drepanotrema cultratum labrosum Pilsbry, 1934; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86: 61; pl. 11, figs. 9-11 (shell) — F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 118; 492; pl. 128, figs. 6-10 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Brownsvile, Texas. Holotype ANSP 143416.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Southern Texas south to southern Tamaulipas. TAMAULIPAS: drift debris of the Rio Panuco (Pilsbry, 1934).

Drepanotrema(Fossulorbis) cultratum panuco Pilsbry, 1934

Drepanotrema cultratum panuco Pilsbry, 1934; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86: 60-61; pl. 11, figs. 4-5a (shell) — F.C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam Planorbidae: 118, 492; pl. 128, figs. 3-5 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Pasture west of San Dieguito, San Luis Potosi. Holotype ANSP 107619.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — SAN LUIS POTOSI: San Dieguito. TAMAULIPAS: Tampico (Pilsbry, 1934).

Drepanotrema(Fossulorbis) depressissimum (Moricand, 1839)

Planorbis depressissimus Moricand, 1839; Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genèva, 8: 143-144; pl. 3, figs. 10, 11 (shell).

Drepanotrema depressissimum (Moricand). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 118; pl. 127, figs. 17-19 (shell) — Paraense, 2000; Malac. Rev., 33/34: 14-15; fig. 8A (shell), fig. 8B (reproductive anatomy).

TYPE LOCALITY — Bahia, Brazil.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Widely distributed in South America, Central America and the West Indies (Paraense, 2000). COSTA RICA, Prov. Guanacaste: Catalina (Paraense, 2000). NICARAGUA, Dept. Chontales: Acoyapa. Dept. Rivas: Rivas (Paraense, 2000).

Drepanotrema(Fossulorbis) kermatoides (Orbigny, 1835)

Planorbis kermatoides Orbigny, 1835; Mag. de Zool., (62): 27.

Drepanotrema (Fossulorbis) kermatoides (Orbigny). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. fam. Planorbidae: 148; pl. 126, figs. 13-16 (shell) — Harry & Hubendick, 1964; Meddel. Gotenb. Mus. Zool. Avdel., 136: 23-24; figs. 78-80, 137-129 (shell) — J. B. Burch, 1980; Walkerana, 1: 196; figs. 711 (shell) — Rehder, 1966; Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 79: 280.

TYPE LOCALITY — Providence of Lima, Peru.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Lesser Antilles, Texas, Mexico, Central America, Venezuela, Peru and Brazil (Harry & Hubendick, 1964). QUINTANA ROO: Isla Cozumel (Rehder, 1966).

TAXONOMY — Paraense (2000) suggests that records for Drepanotrema kermaoides from Mexico and Central America may pertain to D. depressissimum.

Drepanotrema(Fossulorbis) sumichrasti (Crosse & Fischer, 1879)

Planorbis sumichrasti Crosse & Fischer, 1879; Jour. de Conchyl., 27: 342 — Fischer & Crosse, 1880: 69; pl. 33, figs. 6, 6a-d (shell) — Von Martens, 1899: 396.

Drepanotrema sumichrasti (Crosse & Fischer). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 118; pl. 12, figs. 11-16 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Cacoprieto, Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — PANAMA, Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Island (F. C. Baker, 1945). OAXACA: Cacoprieto.

Drepanotrema(Fossulorbis) surinamense (Clessin, 1884)

Planorbis surinamensis Clessin, 1884; in Martini & Chemnitz; System. Conch. Cab., Ed. 2, Planorbis: 126; pl. 17, fig. 11.

Drepanotrema surinamense (Clessin). Paraense, 2000; Malac. Rev., 33/34: 16; fig. 10A (shell), Fig. 10B (reproductive anatomy).

TYPE LOCALITY — Surinam.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — PANAMA, Prov. Panama: Juan Diaz, ca. 6 km NE of Ciudad Panama; Las Cumbres; Hippodrome Presidente Remón; Tocumen (Paraense, 2000). COSTA RICA: Prov. Guanacaste: Catalina (Paraense, 2000).

Subfamily BIOMPHALARIINAE H. Watson, 1954

Genus Biomphalaria Preston, 1910

Biomphalaria Preston, 1910; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 6: 533 — Paraense & Deslandes, 1958; Rev. Brasil. Biol., 18: 65-70 — IZCN Opinion 735, 1965.

Tropicorbis Pilsbry & Brown, 1914; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 66: 212.

Platytaphius Pilsbry, 1924; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 78:

Australorbis Pilsbry, 1934; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86: 55-56.

Obstructio Haas, 1939; Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 24: 100.

Lateorbis F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 85.

TYPE SPECIES — Biomphalaria: Biomphalaria smithi Preston, 1910. Platytaphius: Planorbis hertopleurus Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1896. Tropicorbis: Planorbis liebmanni Philippi, 1850 (= Planorbis maya Morelet, 1849; = Planorbis havanensis Pfeiffer, 1839, fide Paraense & Deslandes, 1958). Australorbis: Planorbis glabratus Say, 1818. Obstructio: Planorbis janeirensis Clesson, 1884. Lateorbis: Planorbis pallidus C. B. Adams, 1846.

DISTRIBUTION — Africa, Tropical America.

TAXONOMY — The systematics of this genus is very unsettled at present. There is a large number of species in Africa and tropical America. The genus has received a great deal of study because of its importance as intermediate hosts for human schistosome parasites. However, many species not directly implicated as schistosome hosts remain poorly studied. Subdivision of Biomphalaria into subgenera is not plausible at present.

Biomphalaria albicans(Pfeiffer, 1848)

Planorbis albicans Pfeiffer, 1839; Weigmanns Arch fúr Naturgesch.: 354.

Taphius albicans (Pfeiffer). Harry & Hubendick, 1964; Göeborgs Kungl. Vetenskaps-och Vitterhets-samhölles handlingar, ser. 6, ser. B: 50-52; figs. 105-107, 149-155 (shell).

Biomphalaria albicans (Pfeiffer). Abdel-Malek, 1969; Malacologia, 7: 190, 198, 200; fig. 8 (reproductive anatomy), figs. 17a, 17b, 18 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Cuba.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Reported from the Greater Antilles, some Lesser Antilles, Louisiana, Texas, Mexico and Central America (Harry & Hubendick, 1964). COSTA RICA, Prov. Cartago: nr. Turrialba (Abdel-Malek, 1969). BELIZE: Belize Dist.: Central Farms (Abdel-Malek, 1969).

TAXONOMY — Paraense (1996a) treats this species as a synonym of Biomphalaria helophila (Orbigny, 1835).

Biomphalaria belizensis(Crosse & Fischer, 1878)

Planorbis belizensis Crosse & Fischer, 1879; Jour. de Conchyl., 27: 342 — Fischer & Crosse, 1880: 68; pl. 32, figs. 6, 6a, 6b (shell) — Von Martens, 1899: 390.

Biomphalaria belizensis (Crosse & Fischer, 1878).

TYPE LOCALITY — Belize.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — GUATEMALA, Dept. Alta Verapaz: Coban; San Miguel Tucarú (Fischer & Crosse, 1880). BELIZE. TABASCO (Von Martens, 1899).

Biomphalaria boucardianus(Preston, 1907)

Planorbis boucardianus Preston, 1907; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2: 20; 497, text-fig. 17 (shell).

Tropicorbis boucardianus (Preston). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 85, 900, 506; pl. 132, figs. 31, 32 (shell); pl. 135, figs. 17-19 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Mexico.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — NARARIT: Manzanillo (F. C. Baker, 1945).

Biomphalaria fieldi(Tryon, 1863)

Planorbis fieldi Tryon, 1863; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 15: 281; pl. 1, figs. 4, 5 (shell) — Tate, 1870; Amer. Jour. of Conch., 5: 159.

Planorbis (Gyraulus) fieldi Tryon. Von Martens, 1899: 394-395; pl. 21, fig. 6 (shell).

Tropicorbis fieldi (Tryon). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 84, 500; pl. 132, figs. 24-30 (shell).

Biomphalaria fieldi (Tryon). Abdel-Malek, 1969; Malacologia, 7: 198; fig. 7 (reproductive anatomy), fig. 17 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Panama.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — PANAMA, Canal Zone: Gatún (F. C. Baker, 1945; Abdel-Malek, 1969). NICARAGUA, Dept. Grenada: Lago de Nicaragua, Grenada (Tate, 1870).

Biomphalaria gracilenta(Gould, 1855)

Planorbis gracilentus Gould, 1855; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5: 129.

Tropicorbis (Tropicorbis) gracilentus (Gould). F. C. Bakeer, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 85, 496, 506; pl. 130, figs. 1-12 (shell); pl. 135, figs. 32-35 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Great Colorado Desert lowlands, United States. Holotype USNM 26477 (F. C. Baker, 1945: 496).

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: 30 mi. SW of Santiago, Mexico (F. C. Baker, 1945).

Biomphalaria havanensis(Pfeiffer, 1839)

Planorbis havanensis Pfeiffer, 1839; Arch. Naturgesch., 5: 354.

Tropicorbis havanensis (Pfeiffer). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: pl. 13, figs. 1-11 (reproductive anatomy); pl. 46, fig. 13 (kidney); pl. 68, fig. 8 (radula); pl. 70, fig. 4 (animal); pl. 130, figs. 18-28 (shell).

Taphius havanensis (Pfeffer). Paraense & Deslandes, 1958; Rev. Brasil. Biol., 18: 87-91; fig. 1 (shell), fig. 2 (pallial organs), fig. 3 (reproductive anatomy), fig. 4 (radula).

Biomphalaria havanensis (Pfeiffer). Bequaert & Miller, 1973: 205-208 — Thompson, 1984; Freshwater snails of Florida: 72; figs. 155-157 (shell) — Yung, Pointier & Parera, 1997; Malac. Rev., 30: 115-117, fig. 1 (map), fig. 2 (reproductive anatomy), fig. 3 (shell).

Planorbis dicipiens C. B. Adams, 1849; Contr. Conch., 3: 43.

Planorbis maya Morelet, 1849; Test Noviss., I: 16 — Pilsbry, 1891; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 43: 322 — Bequaert & Clench, 1933; Pub. Carnegie Inst. Wash., (431): 538.

Planorbis (Gyrorbis) maya Morelet. Fischer & Crosse, 1880: 72-73; pl. 33, figs. 4-4c (shell).

Planorbis (Gyraulus) maya Morelet. Von Martens, 1899: 392; pl. 21, fig. 13 (shell).

Planorbis (Tropicorbis) maya (Morelet). Bequaert & Clench, 1936; Pub. Canegie Inst. Wash., (457): 66.

Tropicorbis (Tropicorbis) maya (Morelet). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 85; pl. 130, figs. 13-17 (shell).

Taphius maya (Morelet). Paraense & Deslandes, 1957a; Jour. de Conchyl., 97: 49-57; figs. 1-3 (shell), fig. 4 (animal), fig. 5 (pallial organs), fig. 6 (reproductive anatomy), fig. 7 (radula).

Planorbis liebmanni Philippi, 1850; in Dunker, Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab., 17: 59; pl. 10, figs. 32-34 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1891; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 43: 322 — Pilsbry, 1903; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 55: 777 — Pilsbry, 1928; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80: 117.

Tropicorbis liebmanni (Philippi). Paraense & Deslandes, 1957b: Rev. Brasil. Biol., 17: 427-434 — Paraense, 1958; Rev. Brasil. Biol., 18: 68-70; fig. 6 (reproductive anatomy).

TYPE LOCALITIES — Planorbis havanensis: Havana, Cuba (Yung, et al, 1997). Planorbis decipiens: Jamaica. Planorbis maya: in cisterns, Ciudad Campeche, Campeche. Planorbis liebmanni: Veracruz.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — West Indies, Mexico and Central America; South American distribution remains to be determined. EL SALVADOR, Dept. San Salvador: San Salvador (Paraense, 2000). GUATEMALA, Dept. Sacatepequez: Antigua (Von Martens, 1899); Lago de Dueñas (Paraense, 2000). BELIZE, Belize Dist.: Boston Village (Paraense, 2000). CAMPECHE: Isla de Carmen; Campeche; lake at km 49, rd. from Cd. Campeche to Merida (Paraense & Delandes, 1957b). NUEVO LEON: Topo Chico, nr. Monterey (Pilsbry, 1903). OAXACA: Isthmus of Tehuantepec. TAUMAULIPAS: Mesa de Solis, nr. La Lajilla, between Padilla and Jimenez (Pilsbry, 1928). VERACRUZ. YUCATAN: Merida (Pilsbry, 1891); Tabi (Von Martens, 1899); cave at Actun Has; hacienda Yocat; Ticul District (Bequaert & Clench, 1933); aguado 14 km N, 2 km E of Merida; Aguado Halal, nr. Merida; pool 3 km S of Progreso (Bequaert & Clench, 1936).

TAXONOMY — Paraense & Deslandes (1957b) synonymize Planorbis liebmanni (Philippi, 1850) with Planorbis maya (Morelet, 1849), and in turn (1958) they synonymized Planorbis maya with Planorbis havanensis (Pfeiffer, 1839). Records of Biomphalaria havanensis from Florida, Missisippi, Louisiana and Texas (Abdel-Malek, 1969) require further study concerning their specific status.

Biomphalaria helophila(Orbigny, 1835)

Planorbis helophilus Orbigny, 1835; Mag. de Zool., (62): 27.

Biomphalaria helophila (Orbigny) — Ruíz, 1987; Universidad y Ciencias, 4: 33-43; map 1; pl. 1 (shell); pl. 2 (radula); pl. 3 (reproductive anatomy) — Paraense, 2000; Malac. Rev.; 33: 4; figs. 2A (shell); 2B (reproductive anatomy).

Australorbis albicans (Pfeiffer, 1839). Paraense and Deslandes, 1962; Nautilus, 75: 156-161; figs. 1 (shell, radula, reproductive anatomy).

Planorbis dentiens Morelet, 1849; Test Noviss., I: 18 — Fischer & Crosse, 1880; pl. 33, figs. 7, 7a, 7b, 7d (shell).

Planorbis dentiens var. edentula Fischer & Crosse, 180: 81; pl. 34, figs. 6, 6a-c (shell).

Planorbis declivus Tate, 1870: Amer. Jour. of Conch., 5: 159 (not Planorbis declivus Braun, 1848).

Tropicorbis tatei Baker, 1941; Nautilus, 54: 96-97 (replacement name for Planorbis declivus Tate, 1870).

Tropicorbis shimeki F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 218-219; pl. 134, figs. 12-14, 28 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITIES — Planorbis helophila: Lima, Peru. Planorbis cannarum: Belize. Planorbis dentiens: Belize. Tropicorbis shimeki: Ometope [Isla de Ometepe], Nicaragua; holotype USNM 534290.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — EL SALVADOR, Dept. Santa Ana: Lago de Coatepeque (Paraense, 2000). GUATEMALA, Dept. Izabal: El Prodo (Paraense, 2000). NICARAGUA, Isla de Ometepe (F. C. Baker, 1945). Dept. Chontales: Acoyapa (Paraense, 2000). VERACRUZ: Coatzacoalcos (F. C. Baker, 1945). Los Tuxtlas, Laguna Escondida and Laguna Zacatal (18º35’-18º36’ N, 94º04’-95º05’ W) (Ruíz, 1987).

Biomphalaria hondurasensis(Clesson, 1878)

Planorbis hondurasensis Clesson, 1878; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch — Cab., Ed. 2, Limnaeidae: 164; pl. 24, fig. 2 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1920; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 72: 6.

Planorbis (Gyraulus) hondurasensis Clesson. Von Martens, 1899: 393.

TYPE LOCALITY — Santa Rosa, Honduras.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — HONDURAS: “Santa Rosa”. COSTA RICA: Rio Torres (Von Martens, 1899). Prov. San José: ditch along rd. from San José to La Verbena.

Biomphalaria kuhniana(Clessin, 1885)

Planorbis kuhnerianus Clessen, 1883; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab., ed. 2, Planorbis: 108; pl. 11, fig. 12 (shell).

Planorbis kuhniana Clessen, 1885; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab., ed. 2, Planorbis: 413 (substitute name for Planorbis kuhnerianus Clessen, 1883).

Tropicorbis kuhnianus (Clessen). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: pl. 132, figs. 6-9 (shell).

Biomphalaria kuhniana (Clessin). Paraense, 1988; Mem. do Inst. Ozwaldo Cruz, 83: 1-12 — Paraense, 2000; Malac. Rev., 33: 5-6; text-figs. 3A (shell), 3b (reproductive anatomy).

Planorbis isthmicus Pilsbry, 1920e: 78-79; text-figs. (shell).

Tropicorbis (lateorbis) isthmicus (Pilsbry). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 85, 498; pl. 131, figs. 1-7 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Planorbis kuhniana: Paramaribo, Surinam. Planorbis isthmicus: “Chinese” wells at Panama City, Panama.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — PANAMA, Prov. Panama: Panama City; Lago de Miraflores (F. C. Baker, 1945); Las Cumbres, nr. Panama City; National University, Tucuman; Lago Isleta, environs of Panama City (Paraense, 2000).

Biomphalaria nicaraguana(Morelet, 1851)

Planorbis nicaraguana Morelet, 1851; Test. Noviss., II: 14 — Von Martens, 1899: 391-392; pl. 21, fig. 10 (shell).

Biomphalaria nicaraguana (Morelet). Paraense, 2000; Malac. Rev., 33: 7-9; text-fig. 4A, 4B (shell); 4C, 4D (reproductive anatomy).

TYPE LOCALITY — Lago de Nicaragua. “Type” BMNH 1993.2.4.594).

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — NICARAGUA, Dept. Chontales: Acoyapa, nr. Lago de Nicaragua (Paraense, 2000). Dept. Rio San Juan: Rio San Juan (Von Martens, 1899).

Biomphalaria obstructa(Morelet, 1849)

Planorbis obsructus Morelet, 1849; Test Noviss., I: 16.

Planorbula obstructa (Morelet). Fischer & Crosse, 1880: 78; pl. 33, figs. 3, 3a-3d (shell); 34, figs. 7, 7a-7d (shell) — Pilsbry, 1891; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 43: 322 — Hinkley, 1920; Nautilus, 34: 38 — Bequaert & Clench, 1936; Pub. Canegie Inst. Wash., (457): 68 — Richards, 1937; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 77: 255.

Planorbis (Planorbula) obstructus (Morelet). Von Martens, 1899: 398-399.

Tropicorbis (Obstructio) obstrutus (Morelet). Goodrich & van der Schalie, 1937; Misc. Pub. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., (34): 33 — F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 85, 128, 262, 336, 372, 388, 492, 494, 502, 504; pl. 13, figs. 1-3 (reproductive anatomy); pl. 50, fig. 11 (jaw); pl. 68, fig. 7 (radula); pl. 76, fig. 7 (shell); pl. 128, figs. 26-33 (shell); pl. 129, figs. 4, 8, 9 (shell); pl. 133, figs. 28-35 (shell); pl. 134, figs. 10, 11, 22 (shell) — Harry, 1950; Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., (524): 7, 24 — Bequaert, 1957; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 116: 214.

Biomphalaria obstructa (Morelet). Abdel-Malek, 1969; Malacologia, 7: 186-190; 194-196; figs. 2A, 2B (reproductive anatomy), figs. 9-11 (shell), fig. 21A (radula) — Paraense, 1990; Mem. do Inst. Ozwaldo Cruz, 85: 391-399 — Paraense, 2000; Malac. Rev., 33: 9-12; text-figs. 5A, 5B, 5C (shell), 5D (reproductive anatomy); figs. 6A, 6B (shell); 6C (reproductive anatomy).

Planorbis cannarum Morelet, 1849; Test Noviss., I: 16.

Segmentina donbilli Tristram, 1861; Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 232.

Tropicorbis obstructs donbilli (Tristram). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 85; pl. 129, figs. 17-25; pl. 131, figs. 15-26 (shell).

Planorbis berendti Tryon, 1866; Amer. Jour. Conch., 2: 10; pl. 2, figs. 14-16 (shell) — Strebel, 1873: 45; pl. 5, fig. 23 (shell).

Planorbula obstructa anodonta Pilsbry, 1920; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 71: 219 (not illustrated).

Tropicorbis obstructus anodontus (Pilsbry). F. C. Baker, 1945: Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 85, 502; pl. 133, figs. 36-40 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITIES — Planorbis obstructus: Isla de Carmen, Campeche. Planorbis cannarum: Belize. Segmentina donbilli: Lago de Dueñas, Guatemala. Planorbis berendti: Orizaba, Veracruz. Planorbula obstructa anodonta: reservoir 4 miles north of Guatemala City, Guatemala.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Gulf coastal regions of the United States south to Belize, Guatemala, and El Salvador. EL SALVADOR, Dept. San Salvador: San Salvador (Paraense, 2000). GUATEMALA, Dept. Escuintla: Escuintla (Von Martens, 1899). Dept. Guatemala: Lago Amatitlan; reservoir N of Cd. Guatemala (F. C. Baker, 1945). Dept. Izabal: Lago de Izabal, Marisco. Dept. Sacatepequez: Lago de Dueñas, San Miguel Dueñas (Paraense, 2000). Dept. Peten: Lago de Petén; aguado NW of San Benito (Goodrich & van der Schalie, 1937). BELIZE, Belize Dist.: Boston Village (Paraense, 2000). CAMPECHE: Isla de Carmen; Aguado Yalic, Chapoton (Beqaert & Clench, 1936). CHIAPAS: Laguna Ocotal to El Censo (Bequaert, 1957). OAXACA: San Carlos, east of Oaxaca; Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Fischer & Crosse, 1880). QUINTANA ROO: swamp a few miles N of San Miguel, Cozumel Island (Richards, 1937); nr. San Miguel, Cozumel Island (F. C. Baker, 1945). SAN LUIS POTOSI: Catamas Lake, El Abra; falls of the Rio Valles, Cd. Valles; Tamosopo (F. C. Baker, 1945). TAMAULIPAs: Tampico (F. C. Baker, 1945). VERACRUZ: Quilate, nr. Misantla; Orizaba; Veracruz; Rio Tenoya, Veracruz (Strebel, 1873). YUCATAN: Ticul (Pilsbry, 1891); aguado 14 km N, 2 km E of Merida; Aguado Yalal, nr. Merida; Piste (Bequaert & Clench, 1936); Piste (F. C. Baker, 1945); 0.5 mi. W of Progreso; irrigation cistern, 3 mi. N of merida (Harry, 1950).

Biomphalaria orbicula(Morelet, 1849)

Planorbis orbiculus Morelet, 1849; Test Noviss., I: 17 — Fischer & Crosse, 1880: 70; pl. 32, figs. 9, 9a-c (shell) — Pilsbry, 1891; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 43: 322 — Hinkley, 1920; Nautilus, 34: 38 — Richards, 1937; Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 77: 255.

Planorbis (Menetus) orbiculus Morelet. Von Martens, 1899: 390-391.

Planorbis (Tropicorbis) orbiculus (Morelet). Bequaert & Clench, 1936; Pub. Canegie Inst. Wash., (457): 66-67.

Tropicorbis (Tropicorbis) orbiculus (Morelet). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 85, 390, 494; pl. 77, figs. 7-9 (shell); pl. 129, figs. 1-3, 4-7, 10-16 (shell).

Tropicorbis orbiculus dunkeri F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 85; pl. 129, figs. 26-36 (shell) — Harry, 1961; Malacologia, 1: 45 (a nomen nudum, holotype not designated).

TYPE LOCALITY — Planorbis oriculus: La Palizada, Yucatan, on the frontier of Tabasco. Tropicorbis orbiculus dunkeri: not stated.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Guatemala and eastern Mexico from Quintana Roo north to San Luis Potosi and Tamaulipas. GUATEMALA, Dept. Guatemala: ditch along railroad at Laguna, Lago Amatitlan (Hinkley, 1920). CAMPECHE: Cd. Carmen; Laguna de Terminos. OAXACA: San Carlos (Von Martens, 1899). QUINTANA ROO: swamp nr. San Gerbacio, Cozumel Island (Richards, 1937); nr. San Miguel, Cozumel Island (F. C. Baker, 1945). SAN LUIS POTOSI: drift at falls, Cd. Valles; Chamiai Creek, below Cd. Valles; Catamas Lake, El Abra (F. C. Baker, 1945). TABASCO: Balacan, nr. San Juan Bautista (Von Martens, 1899). TANMAULIPA: pool nr. Tampico (F. C. Baker, 1945). VERACRUZ: Veracruz; San Juan (Pilsbry, 1891). YUCATAN: La Palizada (Von Martens, 1899). DISTRITO FEDERAL: nr. Ciudad Mexico.

Biomphalaria panamensisDunker, 1848

Planorbis panamensis Dunker, 1848; Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 41 — Sowerby, in Reeve; Conch. Icon., 22, Planorbis: pl. 12. fig. 95.

Planorbis (Gyraulus) panamensis Dunker, 1848. Von Martens, 1899: 395.

TYPE LOCALITY — West Panama, in a small stream.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — PANAMA: known only from the type locality.

Biomphalaria petenensis(Morelet, 1851)

Planorbis petenensis Morelet, 1851; Test. Noviss., II: 15.

Planorbis (Gyrorbis) petenensis Morelet. Fischer & Crosse, 1880; 74; pl. 33, figs. 5, 5a-c (shell).

Planorbis (Gyraulus) petenensis Morelet. Von Martens, 1899: 393-394.

Tropicorbis (Lateorbis) petenensis (Morelet). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 85, 502, 518; pl. 133, figs. 1-3 (shell); pl. 141, figs. 2-4 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Lago de Itza Petén, Dept. Petén, Guatemala.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — COSTA RICA, Prov. San José: Rio Torres, nr. San José. Prov. Puntarens: Laguna between Lagarto and Boruca (Von Martens, 1899). GUATEMALA, Dept. Petén: Lago Petén Itza; Lago de Peten, Remate (F. C. Baker, 1945). OAXACA: Cacoprieto, isthmus of Tehuantepec (Von Martens, 1899); Tehuantepec (F. C. Baker, 1945).

Biomphalaria retusus(Morelet, 1849)

Planorbis retusus Morelet, 1849; Test Noviss., I: 17 — Pilsbry, 1891; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 43: 322.

Planorbis (Gyrorbis) retusus Morelet. Fischer & Crosse, 1880: 73; pl. 32, figs. 10-10c (shell).

Planorbis (Gyraulus) retusus Morelet. Von Martens, 1899: 393.

TYPE LOCALITY — Isla de Carmen, Campeche.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — CAMPECHE: Isla de Carmen. YUCATAN: Shkolac, between Merida and Valladolid (Pilsbry, 1891).

Biomphalaria straminea(Dunker, 1848)

Planorbis stramineus Dunker, 1848; Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 42 — Dunker, 1850; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab., Ed. 2, 1, Planorbis: 42; pl. 5, figs. 7-9 (shell).

Biomphalaria straminea (Dunker). Paraense, 2000; Malac. Rev., 33: 12.

TYPE LOCALITY — South America.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — COSTA RICA, Prov. Cartago: Rio Coris (Paraense, 2000).

Biomphalaria subprona(Von Martens, 1899)

Planorbis (Taphius) subpronus Von Martens, 1899: 396-397; pl. 21, fig. 15 (shell).

Taphius sbpronus (Von Martens). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 79, 498; pl. 131, figs. 36-40 (shell) — Bequaert, 1957; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 116: 214-215.

Biomphalaria subprona (Von Martens). Paraense, 1996; Mem. do Inst. Ozwaldo Cruz, 91: 187-190 — Paraense, 2000; Malac. Rev., 33: 12.

TYPE LOCALITY — Amatitlan, Tabasco [Guatemala].

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — COSTA RICA: Turrialba (F. C. Baker, 1945). EL SALVADOR: Lago de Coatepeque (Bequaert, 1957). GUATEMALA, Dept. Guatemala: Lago de Amatitlan (Paraense, 2000). CHIAPAS: Laguna Ocotal, 950 m alt. (Bequaert, 1957).

Biomphalaria “temascalensis”Ruiz, 1987

Biomphalaria temascalensis Ruiz, 1987; Universidad y Ciencias, 4: 25-34; pl. 1, figs. a-c (shell); pl. 2, figs. 1-4 (radula); pls. 3-4 (reproductive system).

TYPE LOCALITY — Estacion de Acuacultura Tropical de Temascal, Oaxaca, Mexico (17-19º N, 95-97º40’ W). Holotype not designated.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Known only from the type locality.

TAXONOMY — The name Biomphalaria temascalensis Ruíz, 1987 is invalid, because the description does not include the designation of a holotype as required by ICZN Articles 16.4 and 62.4.

Biomphalaria tepicensis(Von Martens, 1899)

Planorbis (Gyraulus) tepicensis Von Martens, 1899: 393; pl. 21, figs. 14 (shell).

Tropicobis tepicensis (Von Martens). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. fam. Planorbidae: 85, 502; pl. 133, figs. 4-9 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Tepic, “Jalisco” [Nayarit].

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — NAYARIT: Tepic. OAXACA: Tehuantepec (F. C. Baker, 1945).

Subfamily HELISOMATINAE F. C. Baker, 1928

Genus Helisoma Swainson, 1840

Helisoma Swainson, 1840; Treatise on Malacology, VIII: 337 — F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 123-129.

TYPE SEPCIES — Planorbis bicarinatus Say, 1817 (= Planorbis anceps Menke, 1830).

DISTRIBUTION — Throughout North America south to northern Mexico.

TAXONOMY — Two subgenera are recognized (Burch, 1980: 198).

Subgenus Helisoma Swainson, 1840

DISTRIBUTION — As for the genus.

TAXONOMY — A single species is recognized. Numerous subspecies and varieties have been proposed (Burch, 1880: 198, 274). Two subspecies are recognized currently. One occurs in Mexico.

Helisoma anceps anceps(Menke, 1830)

Planorbis bicarinatus Say, 1817; Nichole’s Encycl., 1^st ed.: species No. 2, pl. 1, fig. 4 (not Planorbis bicarinatus Lamarck, 1804).

Planorbis anceps Menke, 1830; Synopsis Methodica Molluscorum. 2nd Ed. 242

Planorbis antrosa Conrad, 1834; Amer. Jour. Sci., 25: 343.

Helisoma anceps anceps (Menke, 1830). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 402-403 — Taylor, 1966; Veliger, 9: 209 — Burch, 1980; Walkerana, 1: 198, 274-275; fig. 714.

TYPE LOCALITY — Delaware River, Virginia.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Rio de Los Natadores, at El Cariño, 20 mi. E. of Cuatro Cienegas (Taylor, 1966). SONORA: mouth of the Rio Yaqui (F. C. Baker, 1945),

Genus Planorbella Haldeman, 1842

Planorbella Haldeman, 1842; Monogr. NA freshwater Moll., Physidae: 14 — Burch, 1980; Walkerana, 1: 202.

TYPE SPECIES — Planorbis campanulatus Say, 1821.

DISTRIBUTION — North America and the west Indies south to Peru

TAXONOMY — Three subgenera are recognized. Two occur in the study area.

Subgenus Pierosoma Dall, 1905

Pierosoma Dall, 1905; Smithsonian Inst. Harriman Alaska Expedition, 1899, Alaska Ser., 13: 81, 85.

TYPE SPECIES — Planorbis trivolvis Say, 1818.

DISTRIBUTION — North America south to Panama and the West Indies.

TAXONOMY — Numerous species. Seven occur in the study area.

Planorbella(Pierosoma) caloderma (Pilsbry, 1923)

Planorbis caloderma Pilsbry. Hinkley, 1920; Nautilus, 34: 46, 48 (nomen nudum).

Planorbis caloderma Pilsbry, 1923; Nautilus, 36: 143-144 —

Helisoma calodermum (Pilsbry). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: pl. 115, figs. 2-4 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Esmeralda, Dept. Jutiapa, Guatemala. Holotype and paratypes ANSP 45662.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS. GUATEMALA, Dept. Izabal: Jocolo (Hinkley, 1920). Dept. Jutiapa: Esmeralda.

Planorbella(Pierosoma) foveale foveale (Menke, 1830)

Planorbis fovealis Menke, 1930; Symp. Method. Mollusc.: 37.

Helisoma foveale (Menke). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 149, pl. 101, figs. 1-5 (shell); pl. 141, figs. 12-18 (shell) — Harry & Hubendick, 1964; Göeborgs Kungl. Vetenskaps-och Vitterhets-samhölles handlingar, ser. 6, ser. B: 35-40; fig. 33-37 (anatomy); figs. 73-77, 131-133 (shell).

Planorbis caribaeus Orbigny, 1841, in Sagra, Hist. Fis. Polit. y nat. de Cuba, Moluscos: 193; pl. 13, figs. 17-19 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1891; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 43: 322 — Pilsbry, 1920; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 72: 6 — Hinkley, 1920; Nautilus, 34: 38, 48.

Planorbis (Helisoma) caribaeus (Orbigny). Bequaert & Clench, 1936; Pub. Canegie Inst. Wash., (457): 66.

Helisoma caribaeum (Orbigny). van der Schalie, 1940; Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., (413): 6-7.

Helisoma ­(Pieronoma) caribaeum caribaeum (Orbigny). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 149, 466, 434, 436, 438; pl. 99, fig. 31; pl. 100, figs. 1-17; pl. 101, fig. 15; pl. 115, fig. 1 (shell) — Bequaert, 1957; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 116: 214.

Planorbis tumidus Dunker, 1850; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab., Ed. 2, Planorbis: 39; pl. 7, figs. 10-12 (shell) — Dall, 1896; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19: 369 — Pilsbry, 1891; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 43: 322.

Planorbis ancylostomus Crosse & Fisher, 1879; Jour. de Conchyl., 27: 341 — Fischer & Crosse, 1880: 63; pl. 32, figs. 5, 5a, 5b (shell).

Planorbis ancylostoma var. chiapnesis Fischer & Crosse, 1886: 63; pl. 34, figs. 5, 5a, 5b (shell).

Planorbis (Helisoma) caribaeus chiapensis Fischer & Crosse. Von Martens, 1893; Biol. Cent. Amer.: 389.

TYPE LOCALITIES — Planobis fovealis: Jamaica (Pilsbry, 1934). Planorbis caribeaus: Cuba. Planorbis dunkeri: not specified. Planorbis ancylostomus: Veracruz, Veracruz. Planorbis ancylostoma var. chiapensis: Chiapas.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — COSTA RICA, Prov. Cartago; E of Cartago; 4 mi. SW of Cartago; San Isidro del Tejar (Pilsbry, 1920). GUATEMALA, Naranjo (F. C. Baker, 1945). Dept. Alta Verapaz: a small aguada ca. 8 km N of Samanzana; nr. Samac (van der Schalie, 1940). Dept. Izabal: Jocolo (Hinkley, 1920). Dept. Guatemala: Lago Amatitlan. CAMPECHE: Aguado Yalic, nr. Chompoton (Bequaert & Clench, 1936). CHIAPAS: Laguna Ocotal, 950 m alt.; Rio Amarillo at the Sumidero, nr. Las Casas (Bequaert, 1957). SONORA: Rio San Bernardino; Rio Sonoyta (Dall, 1896). VERACRUZ: Orizaba (Pilsbry, 1891); Veracruz (F. C. Baker, 1945). YUCATAN: Shkolak (Pilsbry, 1891).

TAXONOMY — The following subspecies has been proposed from the study area.

Planorbella (Pierosoma) foviale guatemalense (Clessin, 1889)

Planorbis guatemalenis Clessin, 1889; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab., Ed. 2, Planorbis: 209-210; pl. 32, fig. 7 (shell).

Helisoma (Pierosoma) caribaeum guatemalense (Clessin). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 149, 434; pl. 99, figs. 32-36 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Guatemala.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — NICARAGUA (F. C. Baker, 1945). GUATEMALA.

Planorbella(Pierosoma) costaricense (Preston, 1907)

Planorbis costaricensis Preston, 1907; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, 20: 496-497; text-fig. 16 (shell).

Helisoma (Pierosoma) costaricense (Preston). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 149, 438; pl. 101, figs. 8-10 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Catalina, Guanacaste Prov., Costa Rica.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — COSTA RICA, Prov. Guanacaste: Catalina (F. C. Baker, 1945).

Planorbella contrerasi(Pilsbry, 1920)

Planorbis contrerasi Pilsbry, 1920; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 72: 193; text-fig. 2 (shell).

Helisoma (Pierosoma) contrerasi (Pilsbry). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 140; pl. 102, figs. 2-4 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Lago de Chapala, Jalisco. Holotype ANSP 46193.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — JALISCO: known only from the type locality.

Planorbella(Pierosoma) tenue (Dunker, 1850)

Planorbis tenuis Dunker, 1850; Syst. Conch. Cab., Ed. 2, Limnaecea: 45; pl. 9, figs. 14-19 (shell); pl. 16, figs. 22-25 (shell) — Strebel, 1872: 42; pl. 5, figs. 21-26, a-c (shell) — Fischer & Crosse, 1880: 60; pl. 34, fig. 1 (shell) — Von Martens, 1899: 381-386; pl. 21, figs. 1, 7, 7a (shell) — Pilsbry, 1904; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 55: 777 — Pilsbry, 1920; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 72: 6.

Helisoma tenuis (Dunker). Goodrich & van der Schalie, 1937; Misc. Pub. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., (34): 33.

Helisoma (Pierosoma) tenue tenue (Dunker). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 149, 430; pl. 97, figs. 1-11 (shell) — Bequaert & Miller, 1987: 208.

Planorbella (Pierosoma) tenue (Dunker). J. B. Burch, 1980; Walkerana: 204; fig. 734 (shell).

Planorbis mexicanus Dunker, 1850; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch — Cab., Ed. 2, Planorbis: 45.

Planorbis tumens Carpenter, 1857; Cat. Mazatlan shells: 81 — Fischer & Crosse, 1886: 62; pl. 33, figs. 3, 3a (shell) — Clessin, 1886; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab., ed. 2; Limnaeiden: 88; pl. 12, figs. 7-9 (shell) — Hanna, 1923; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 12: 516-517.

Planorbis (Helisoma) tumens Carpenter. Von Martens, 1899: 387.

Helisoma tumens (Carpenter). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 436; pl. 100, figs. 31-37 (shell).

Planorbis tenuis var. juvenilis Von Martens, 1899: 384; pl. 21, fig. 4 (shell).

Planorbis tenuis var. uhdei Von Martens, 1899: 385; pl. 21, fig. 2 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITIES — Planorbis tenuis: ditches in the neighborhood of Ciudad Mexico. Planorbis mexicanus: Mexico. Planorbis tumens: Mazatlan, Sinaloa. Planorbis tenuis var. juvenilis: City of Mexico. Planorbis tenuis var. uhdei: central mexico.

DISTRIBUTION — Guatemala, Dept. Peten: Arroyo Subín, nr. Sanat Teresa (Goodrich & van der Schalie, 1937). BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Mulege (Hanna, 1923). DURANGO. DISTRITO FEDERAL: Ciudad Mexico; Lago de Chalco (Pilsbry, 1920). GUANAJUATO: Jaral (Von Martens, 1899); Acambaro (Pilsbry, 1903). JALISCO; Lago de Chapala (Von Martens, 1899). MEXICO: Tlapam (Pilsbry, 1903); Toluca; sources of the Rio Lerma, nr. Toluca (F. C. Baker, 1945). SINALOA: Mazatlan (Von Martens, 1899). VERACRUZ: Cordoba; Orizaba; Jalapa (Von Martens, 1899).

TAXONOMY — F. C. Baker (1945) recognizes the following subspecies from the study area.

Planorbella (Pierosoma) tenue boucardi (Fischer & Crosse, 1880)

Planorbis tenuis var. boucardi Fischer & Crosse, 1880: 61; pl. 32, figs. 3a, b (shell) — Von Martens, 1899: 384.

Helisoma tenue boucardi (Fischer & Crosse). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 149, 430; pl. 97, figs. 12-17 (shells).

TYPE LOCALITY — Environs of Ciudad Mexico.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — DISTRITO FEDERAL: known only from the environs of Ciudad Mexico.

Planorbella (Pierosoma) tenue chapalensis (Pilsbry, 1920)

Planorbis chapalensis Pilsbry, 1920; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 72: 192-193; fig. 1 (shell).

Helisoma tenue chapalensis (Pilsbry). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 149; 440; figs. 1, 5-10 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Lago de Chapala, Jalisco. Holotype ANSP 46194.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — JALISCO: known only from the type locality.

Planorbella (Pierosoma) tenue exaggeratum (Von Martens, 1899)

Planorbis tenuis Philippi. Pilsbry, 1891; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 43: 321-322; pl. 15, fig. 4 (shell).

Planorbis tenuis var. exaggeratus Von Martens, 1899: 385 — Pilsbry, 1903; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 55: 777.

Helisoma tenue exaggeratum (Von Martens). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 149, 430; pl. 97; figs. 18-25 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Lago de Patzcuaro, Michoacán.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — MICHOACÁN: known only from the type locality.

Planorbella (Pierosoma) tenue pertenue (F. C. Baker, 1940)

Planorbis tenuis var. applanatus Von Martens, 1899: 384-385; pl. 21, fig. 3 (shell) (not Planorbis applanatus Thomae, 1845).

Helisoma tenuis pertenuis F. C. Baker, 1940; Nautilus, 54: 97 (replacement name for Planorbis tenuis applanatus Von Martens).

Helisoma tenue applanatum (Von Martens). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 149, 430, 432; 434; pl. 97, figs. 26-28; pl. 98, figs. 1-8; pl. 99, figs. 1-3; pl. 101, fig. 16 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Plateau of Mexico.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — CHIHUAHUA: Lanos River (F. C. Baker, 1945). SONORA: Rio Yaqui, nr. Ciudad Obregon (F. C. Baker, 1945). VERACRUZ: Orizaba (F. C. Baker, 1945). BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE: Vallecitos (F. C. Baker, 1945).

Planorbella (Pierosoma) tenue strebelianum (Fischer & Crosse, 1880)

Planorbis tenuis var. strebialunus Fischer & Crosse, 1880: 63.

Helisoma tenue strebelianum (Fischer & Crosse). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 149, 434; pl. 99, figs. 16-20, 25-30 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Laguna de Los Cocos, Rio Tenoya and ditches in environs of Veracruz.

DISTRIBUTION RECORD — SAN LUIS POTOSI: Penasco, 5 mi. N of San Luis Potosi; Rio Coy (F. C. Baker, 1945). Tamaulipas: Alta Mira (F. C. Baker, 1945). VERACRUZ: environs of Veracruz.

Planorbella(Pierosoma) trivolvis (Say, 1817)

Planorbis trivolvis Say, 1817; Nicholson’s Encyclopedia, American Ed. 3: pl. 2, fig. 2 (shell).

Planorbella (Pierosoma) trivolvis trivolvis (Say). J. B. Burch, 1980; Walkerana, 1: 205; figs. 735 (shell).

Helisoma trivolvis (Say). Paraense, 2000; Malac. Rev., 33: 2; text-figs. 1A (shell), 1B (kidney), 1C (reproductive anatomy).

TYPE LOCALITY — Lake Erie, North America.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Widely distributed in North America from the Atlantic coast westward to Missouri and northward to the Arctic Circle and Alaska. Records from Mexico and Central America seem questionable. COSTA RICA, Prov. Cartago: Rio Coris (Paraense, 2000). NICARAGUA, Dept. Grenada: Lake Nicaragua, Grenada (Paraense, 2000). GUATEMALA, Dept. Alta Verapaz: Lago Petencito, nr. Cobán (Paraense, 200o). BELIZE, Belize Dist.: Boston Village (Paraense, 2000).

Planorbella(Pierosoma) wyldi (Tristram, 1861)

Planorbis tumens Carpenter. Fischer & Crosse, 1880: 62; pl. 32, figs. 4, 4a-c (shell)

Planorbis wyldi Tristram, 1861; Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 232.

Planorbis tenuis var. wyldi Tristram. Fischer & Crosse, 1880; 62; pl. 34, fig. 2 (shell).

Planorbis (Helisoma) wyldi Tristram. Von Martens, 1899: 386-387; pl. 21, fig. 5 (shell).

Helisoma (Pierosoma) wyldi (Tristram). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 149, 436; pl. 100, figs. 20-30.

Planorbis salvini Clessin, 1884; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab., Ed. 2, Planorbis: 207-208; pl. 31, fig. 8 (shell).

Helisoma wyldi salvini (Clessin). F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 149, 436; pl. 100, figs. 18-20 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Planorbis wyldi: Lago de Dueñas, Dept. Sacatepequez, Guatemala. Planorbis salvini: Guatemala.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Known in Central America from Costa Rica north to Guatemala. COSTA RICA, Prov. Limón: Rio Reventazón at Ujarras; Alta Coca valley nr. Talamanca. Prov. Puntarenas: along Rio Diquis, below Terraba (Von Martens, 1899). NICARAGUA, Dept. Grenada: nr. Volcan Monbacho (Von Martens, 1899); San Carlos (F. C. Baker, 1945). EL SALVADOR, Dept. San Miguel: Lago de Olomega (F. C. Baker, 1945). Dept. Santa Ana: Lago de Guija; Lajo de Metapan (F. C. Baker, 1945). GUATEMALA, Dept. Alta Verapaz: Coban. Dept. Guatemala: Aceituno; Naranjo. Dept. Sacatepequez: Lago de Dueñas; Santiago Zamora (Von Martens, 1899).

Subgenus Seminolina Pilsbry, 1934

Seminolina Pilsbry, 1934; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86: 31 — F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 129-134.

TYPE SPECIES — Planorbis scalare Jay, 1839.

DISTRIBUTION — The natural distribution is confined to peninsular Florida. It has been introduced widely in other parts of the world.

TAXONOMY — Two species are recognized.

Planorbella duryi(Wetherby, 1879)

Planorbis duryi Wetherby, 1879; Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 2: 99; fig. 4 (shell).

Helisoma (Seminolina) duryi duryi (Wetherby). Pilsbry, 1934; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86: 38-40; pl. 10, figs. 1-3 (shell) — F. C. Baker, 134, 442, 444; pl. 103, figs. 20-30 (shell); pl. 104, figs. 1-7 (shell).

Planorbella duryi (Wetherby). Burch, 1980; Walkerana, 1: 204; figs. 718, 719 (shell) — Thompson, 1984; Freshwater snail of Fla. Man. for Identify.: 76-77; figs. 189-193 — Paraernse, 2000; Malac. Rev., 33: 2, 4.

TYPE LOCALITY — The Florida Everglades, Florida.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Confined to south Florida in its natural distribution. Introduced widely elsewhere. COSTA RICA, Prov. Cartago: Rio Coris (Paraense, 2000).

TAXONOMY — Pilsbry (1934) and F. C. Baker (1945) recognize six subspecies. Their status has not been investigated since then.

Genus Micromenetus F. C. Baker, 1945

Micromenetus F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 197-190.

TYPE SPECIES — Planorbis dilatatus Gould, 1841.

DISTRIBUTION — Eastern North America; Bermuda.

TAXONOMY — Eight species are recognized. One occurs in the study area.

Micromenetus dilatatus avus (Pilsbry, 1905)

Planorbis alabamensis var. avus Pilsbry, 1905; Nautilus, 19: 34.

Promenetus (Micromenetus) alabamensis avus Pilsbry. F. C. Baker, 1945; Moll. Fam. Planorbidae: 190; pl. 121, figs. 40, 41; pl. 123, fig. 1; pl. 140, fig. 25 (shell).

Micromenetus dilatatus avus (Pilsbry). Thompson, 1983; Nautilus, 97: 68-69 — Thompson, 1984; Freshwater snail of Fla, Man. for identification: 68; figs. 143-145 (shell).

Promenetus minutus Taylor, 1954; Rev. Soc. Malac. Carlos de la Torre, 6: 37-38.

TYPE LOCALITIES — Pliocene Caloosahatchee Formation, Florida.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Known from South Florida, Jamaica, Haiti, and Panama. PANAMA, Canal Zone: Allee Stream, Barro Colorado Island (Taylor, 1954).

Family PHYSIDAE Fischer and Crosse, 1886

DISTRIBUTION.— Europe, temperate Asia, North America, Meso-America, South America.

TAXONOMY — The family contains two subfamilies and 23 genera. Taylor (2003) states that in many cases species cannot be identified accurately by shell characters. The locality records listed below are taken from Taylor. Previous published records are omitted because of the chaotic taxonomic history of the family in Mexico and Central America.

Subfamily APLEXINAE Starobogatov, 1967

TAXONOMY — Taylor (2003) lists twelve genera.

DISTRIBUTION.— Holarctic in distribution and extending into the tropical realm in South America.

Genus Austrinauta Taylor, 2003.

Austrinauta Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 43.

TYPE SPECIES — Physa elata Gould, 1853.

DISTRIBUTION.— Known only from Nayarit State, México.

TAXONOMY — One species.

Austrinauta elatus (Gould, 1853)

Physa elata Gould, 1853; Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 6: 379; pl. 14, fig. 4.

Aplecta elata (Gould). Fischer and Crosse, 1870-1902; 2: 92; pl. 32, fig. 2.

Austrinauta elatus (Gould). Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 45-47; figs. 15 (map), 16-19 (anatomy).

TYPE LOCALITY.— “Lower California”. Lectotype MCZ 169130 (Johnson, 1964: 71).

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS.— Known only from a single locality. NAYARIT: freshwater marsh beside Matachén-Santa Cruz road, at south end of Playa Matachén (21˚29.6’ N, 105˚11.7’ W).

Genus Amecanauta Taylor, 2003

Amecanauta Taylor, 2003; Rev. Bio. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 72.

TYPE SPECIES — Amecanauta jaliscoensis Taylor, 2003.

DISTRIBUTION — Nayarit and Jalisco, México.

TAXONOMY — A single species.

Amecanauta jaliscoensisTaylor, 2003

Amecanauta jaliscoensis Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 73-74; text-fig. 15 (map), text-figs. 49-52 (anatomy); pl. 1, fig. 3 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY.— Jalisco: roadside ditch on W side of hwy. 200, opposite entrance to “Modulo de Abasto” de Puerto Vallarta, 2.2 km NE of entrance to airport (20˚ 41.48’ N, 105˚13.95’ W). Holotype CAS 114813.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — JALISCO: known only from the type locality.

Genus Mexinauta Taylor, 2003

Mexinauta Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 74-76.

TYPE SPECIES — Physa nitens Philippi, 1841.

DISTRIBUTION.— Texas, México, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Peru.

TAXONOMY.— Eight species, seven of which occur in México and Central America.

Mexinauta aurantia (Carpenter, 1857)

Aplexa aurantia Carpenter, 1857; Cat. Mazatlan shells: 179.

Bulinus aurantius (Carpenter). Binney, 1865; Smiths. Misc. Coll., 7: 97; figs. 166, 167.

Stenophysa aurantia (Carpenter). Taylor, 1966; Veliger, 9: 111.

Mexinauta aurantia (Carpenter). Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 77-80; text-fig. 53 (map); text-figs. 54-55 (anatomy); pl. 2, figs. 4-9 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Mazatlán, Sinaloa. Syntype BMNH 815819.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS.— Pacific coastal region of southern México and northwestern Costa Rica. JALISCO: marsh at Bahia Tenacatita, 1.4 km S of Mex. Hwy. 200 (19°18.3’ N , 104°48.4’ W). GUERRERO: nr. Acapulco; Llano Largo, 3 km NE Puerto Marques. COSTA RICA: Guanacaste Prov.; Parque Nacional Palo Verde, edge of marsh 100 m E of W end of airstrip (10°20.68’ N, 85°20.60’ W); other localities in immediate vicinity.

Mexinauta gracilentus (Fischer and Crosse, 1886)

Aplecta aurantia var. gracilenta Fischer and Crosse, 1886; 2: 87; pl. 39, fig. 4 (shell).

Mexinauta gracilentus (Fischer and Crosse). Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 76.

TYPE LOCALITY — Cobán, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Holotype in MHNP.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — GUATEMALA: known only from the type locality.

Mexinauta impluviatus (Morelet, 1849)

Physa impluviata Morelet, 1849; Test Noviss., I: 18.

Aplecta impluviata (Morelet). Fischer and Crosse, 1886: 91; pl. 30, fig. 3 (shell); pl. 39, fig. 5 (shell).

Mexinauta impluviatus (Morelet). Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 80-82; fig. 53 (map); figs. 56-57 (anatomy); pl. 3, figs. 9, 11-12 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY.— Ditches in Guatemala City, Guatemala. Syntypes in the BMNH (3 uncatalogued specimens).

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — CHIAPAS: pond at Pueblo Nuevo, Solistahuacán; San Cristobal de las Casas, 2200 m alt.; km 65, S of Tuxtla Gutierrez along rd. to Nuena Concordia, 2700 ft. alt.; 15 km S of Ocozocuautla, along rd. to Villa Flores, 2800 ft. alt. GUATEMALA, Dept. Chimaltenango: Yepocapa, in fountain; Parque Nacional Los Aposentos, 2.5 km S of Chimaltenango; ditch nr. Parque Chimaltenango. Dept. Guatemala: Laguna El Naranjo, Finca El Naranjo, ca. 5 km NW of Ciudad Guatemala, 1560 m alt.; environs of Guatemala City; Guatemala City. Dept. Sacatepéquez: Antigua; Laguneta Quilisimate, between Santiago Zamora and Santa Catarina Barahona, 1460 m alt.; small stream entering Lago de Dueñas, above Santiago Zamora. Dept. Santa Rosa: Rio Taxisco, Taxisco. Dept. Zacapa; Zacapa.

Mexinauta laetus (Von Martens, 1898)

Physa impluviata var. laeta Von Martens, 1898: 359; pl. 20, figs. 2-3 (shell).

Mexinauta laetus (Von Martens). Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 76.

TYPE LOCALITY — Vera Paz, Guatemala. Lectotype ZMB 51234a (Kilias, 1961).

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Known only from the type locality.

Mexinauta nicaraguana (Morelet, 1951)

Physa nicaraguana Morelet, 1851; 2: 16 — Von Martens, 1898; 366; pl. 20, figs. 4, 4a.

Mexinautan nicaraguana (Morelet). Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 76.

TYPE LOCALITY — Lake Nicaragua, Nicaragua. Syntype BMNH 1893.2.4.610.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Known only from the type locality.

Mexinauta nitens (Philippi, 1841)

Physa nitens Philippi, 1841, in Martini & Chemnitz, 32: 5, pl. 1, figs. 1-2.

Aplecta nitens (Philippi). Fischer and Crosse, 1876; 2: 88; pl. 39, figs. 1-1b.

Mexinauta nitens (Philippi). Taylor, 203; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 82-85; fig. 53 (map); figs. 58-65 (anatomy); pl. 1, figs. 5-7 (shell).

Bulinus berlandierianus Binney, 1865; Amer. Jour. Conch., 1: 51; pl. 7, fig. 8 (shell).

Aplecta nitens var. acutalis Fischer and Crosse, 1886; 2: 88; pl. 39, figs. 2-2a.

Aplecta nitens var. gigantea Fischer and Crosse, 1886; 2: 89; pl. 39, figs. 3-3a.

TYPE LOCALITY — Physa nitens: “Mexiko”. Bulinus berlandierianus: Texas, in the vicinity of Matamoros, Tamaulipas.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Coastal lowlands along the Gulf of México from the vicinity of Brownsville, Texas south to Campeche. TAMAULIPAS: Hacienda Acuña, 808 m alt. VERACRUZ: Charco de Buenos Aires; Misantla; Veracruz; Jalapa; Córdoba; Cerro de las Mesas, between Ignacio de la Llave and Piedras Negras; Cosamaloapan. TABASCO. Pasture pond at km 21.1, NW of Taxco, on rd. Nacajuco to Villahermosa; pond beside Mex. Hwy. 180, 1 km N of rd. to Ignacio Allende; 2.3 km NE of Playa Miramar; marsh about 1 km N of junction Tacotalpa-Tapijulpa rd. with rd. to Teapa; pond beside Jalapa-Tacolapa rd. 2 km S of rd. to Guanal, N of Rancho Nuevo. CAMPECHE. Ditch beside Mex. Hwy. 180, 0.5 km E of Nuevo Progreso.

Mexinauta princeps (Phillipi, 1846)

Physa princeps Phillipi, 1846; in Küster, Martini & Chemnits, Syst. Conch — Cab., ed. 2 (Limnaeaceen): 66; pl. 1, fig. 11.

Aplexa princeps (Phillipi). Bequaert & Clench, 1933; Pub. Carnegie Inst. Wash., (431): 539.

Stenophysa princeps (Phillipi). Rehder, 1966; Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 79: 280.

Mexinauta princeps (Phillipi). Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 86-88.; text-fig. 53 (map); text-figs. 66-67 (anatomy); pl. 2, figs. 1-3 (shell); pl. 3, fig. 13 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY.— Yucatán. Holotype ANSP 21184a (H. B. Baker, 1964: 155).

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Yucatán Peninsula, from Yucatán and Quintana Roo, México through northern Guatemala and Belize (Taylor, 2003). QUINTANA ROO: Marsh 0.5 km W of Puerto Morelos; Laguna de Cobá, Cobá, Rio Honda. YUCATÁN: 4 km S of Purto Progresso; Dzadz Cenote, ca. 1 km SW of Chichén Itzá. GUATEMALA, Dept. Petén: Aguada 0.5 km from La Libertad rd. to San Francisco; small dry aguada just SW of San Benito (opposite Flores on mainland). BELIZE, Corazal Dist.: Louisville Forest. Orange Walk Dist.: Orange Walk.

Genus Mayabina Taylor, 2003

Mayabina Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 88-89.

TYPE SPECIES — Physa spiculata Morelet, 1849.

DISTRIBUTION.— From Oaxaca and Veracruz, México, south to Costa Rica; Ecuador to northernmost Chile (Taylor, 2003).

TAXONOMY — Taylor (2003) lists eleven species, ten of which occur in México and Central America.

Mayabina bullula (Crosse & Fischer, 1882)

Aplecta bullula Crosse & Fisher, 1882; Jour. de Conchyl., 30: 334 — Fischer & Crosse, 1886, 2: 91; figs. 6-6b.

Mayabina bullula (Crosse & Fischer). Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 92-94; fig. 68 (map); figs. 70-75 (anatomy); pl. 3, figs. 1-3 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY.— Tuxpan, Veracruz. Holotype lost (Taylor, 2003).

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Known only from the vicinity of the type locality. VERACRUZ. Tuxpan; pool on W side of Mex. Hwy. 180, 8.8 km N of Rio Octopan (19°33.1’ N, 96°23.6’ W).

Mayabina petenensis Taylor, 2003

Mayabina petenensis Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 96-97; fig. 69 (map); fig. 77 (anatomy), pl. 3, fig. 10 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Guatemala, Dept. Petén, aguada at NE side of La Libertad (16°47.3’ N, 90°06.49’ W); 200 m alt.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Known only from the Dept. Petén, Guatemala. Taylor (2003) lists numerous localities from there.

Mayabina pliculosa (Von Martens, 1898)

Physa fuliginea var. pliculosa Von Martens; 1898: 361; pl. 20, figs. 11-12.

Stenophysa pliculosa (Von Martens). Tonn, et al, 1964; Rev. Biol. Trop., 12: 60.

Mayabina pliculosa (Von Martens). Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. trop., 51 (suppl.): 97-99; fig. 69 (map); figs. 78-79 (anatomy); pl. 4, fig. 10-11 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Rio Reventazón at Ujarrás, Cartago Prov., Costa Rica.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Western Costa Rica from the Central Valley northwestward to the southern tip of the Nicoya Peninsula (Taylor, 2003). COSTA RICA, Alajuela Sur Prov.: Sachi Sar. Cartago Prov.: Rio Turialba, Turialba; Turialba; Alto de Ochomogo; Aguas Calientes, nr. Cartago; Quebrada Barahona, 1380 m alt.; Juan Viññs. Guanacaste Prov.: ditch 3-4 km toward Hacienda La Taboga, from Cañas-Bebedero rd. Puntarenas Prov.: La Hacienda, 1 km SW of Concepción-Bebedero rd. (9°45.08’ N, 85°00.44’ W). San José Prov.: Pavas; Uruca; San José; Rio Torres, San José; Rio Torres; Ocloro.

Mayabina politaTaylor, 2003

Aplecta cisternina var. abbreviata Fischer and Crosse, 1886; 2: 95; pl. 30, fig. 9 (shell). (Not of Beck, 1838.)

Aplecta cisternina var. gracilis Fischer & Crosse, 1886, 2: 95; pl. 30, figs. 10-10b (shell). (Not of Noulet, 1854.)

Aplexa spiculata var. gracilis (Fischer and Crosse). Bequaert & Clench, 1936; Pub. Canegie Inst. Wash., (457): 70; pl. 2, figs. 5-8 (shell).

Aplecta cisternina var. minor Fischer & Crosse, 1886; 2: 95; pl. 30, fig. 8 (shell). (Not of Beck, 1838.)

Mayabina polita Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 99-102; fig. 69 (map); figs. 40-84 (anatomy); pl. 5, figs. 1-2 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITIES.— Aplecta abbreviata: Mérida, Yucatán; holotype lost. Aplecta gracilis: vicinity of Mérida, Yacatan; holotype lost. Mayabina polita: pasture pool 50 m W of Rio Tulija, 1.5 km S of Mex. Hwy. 186 toward Zopo Norte (17°39.6’ N, 92°24.7’ W). Holotype CAS 114783.

DISTRIBUTION — Southeastern México, in Tabasco and northern Chiapas through the Yucatán Peninsula in eastern Campeche, Yucatán and Quintana Roo. Taylor (2003) provides numerous locality records.

Mayabina sanctijohannis Taylor, 2003

Mayabina sanctijohannis Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 102-104; figs. 15, 19 (maps); fig. 85 (anatomy); pl. 3, figs. 5-6 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY.— Barra del Colorado, Limón Prov., Costa Rica (10°46.37’ N, 83°35.27’ W). Holotype: CAS 114790.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS.— COSTA RICA, Limón Prov.: Barra del Colorado; marsh on left bank of Rio Colorado.

Mayabina spiculata(Morelet, 1849)

Physa spiculata Morelet, 1849, 1: 18 — Von Martens, 1898: 366.

Aplecta spiculata (Morelet). Fischer & Crosse, 1886: 93; pl. 27, fig. 13 (shell).

Aplexa spiculata (Morelet). Bequaert & Clench, 1936; Pub. Canegie Inst. Wash., (457): 69; pl. 2, figs. 1-4 — Harry,1950; Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., (524): 23.

Physa (Aplexa) spiculata Morelet. Branson & McCoy, 1965; Univ. Colorado Stu., Ser. Biology, 13: 12.

Stenophysa spiculata (Morelet). Rehder, 1966; Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 79: 280.

Aplexa nitens var. spiculata (Morelet). Pilsbry, 1891; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 43: 325.

Physa cisternina Morelet, 1851, 2: 15.

Aplecta cisternina (Morelet). Fischer & Crosse; 1886, 2: 94; pl. 30, fig. 7 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1891; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 43: 325.

Mayabina spiculata (Morelet). Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 104-107; fig. 68 (map); figs. 86-87 (anatomy); pl. 3, figs. 4, 7 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Cd. Campeche, Campeche Types lost.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Yucatan Peninsula in eastern Campeche, Yucatan and Quintana Roo (Taylor, 2003). CAMPECHE: Cd. Campeche; Pantel Aguada. Nr. Champoón; aguada 3.5 mi. S of Champotón; 26 km SE Chapotó; Colonia Lopez Mateos, 93 km E of Silvituc. QUINTANA ROO: San Gerbacio, Isla Cozumel; Ruinas Kuhunlich; potreros at Tomás Garrido. YUCATAN: cienaga 2 km SW of Progreso, Cerro Isla; south side of cienaga nr. Progreso; irrigation cistern ca. 5 km N of Mérida; charcos at Pemex plant, 4 km S of Puerto Progreo; Izamal; Cenote Shkolak, and Tekanto; Hatal Aguada, nr. Mérida; Yunku Aguada, nr. Yunku; Chichen-Itzá; aguada S of Libre Unión.

Mayabina tapanensis (Crosse & Fischer, 1882)

Aplecta tapanensis Crosse & Fischer, 1882; Jour. de Conchyl., 29: 334.

Aplecta spiculata var. tapanensis Fischer & Crosse, 1886, 2: 93: pl. 30, figs. 2-2b (shell).

Physa tapanensis (Crosse & Fischer). Von Martens, 1898: 367.

Aplexa tapanensis guatemalensis (Crosse & Fischer). Hinkley, 1920; Nautilus, 34: 38.

Mayabina tapanensis (Crosse & Fischer). Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 107-109.

TYPE LOCALITY — Near Tapana [San Pedro Tapanatepec}, Oaxaca, Mexico (16°21’ N, 94°12’ W). Holotype lost (Taylor, 2003).

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Southeastern Oaxaca to southern Guatemala (Taylor, 2003). OAXACA: San Pedro Tapanatepec, in northern part of town, in a marsh 100 m E of km post 90 on Mex. Hwy. 190. CHIAPAS: 65 km S of Tuxtla Gutierrez, along rd. to Nueva Concordia. GUATEMALA, Dept. Guatemala: pools along railroad across Laguna Amatitlán from Laguna Station. Dept.Sololá: San Buenaventura, 1 km NW of Panajachel, 1565 m alt.; Lago de Atitlán at mouth of Rio Catarina, 1.5 km NW of Panahachel.

Mayabina tempisquensis Taylor, 2003

Mayabina tempisquensis Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 109-110; text-fig. 15, 68 (map); text-fig. 90 (anatomy); pl. 4, fig. 4 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY.— Parque Nacional Palo Verde, edge of marsh 100 m E of W end of airstrip, Guanacaste Prov., Costa Rica (10°20.68’ N, 85°20.6’ W). Holotype CAS 146092.

DISTRIBUTION — COSTA RICA, Guanacaste Prov.: edge of marsh 100 m E of W end of airstrip, Parque Nacional Palo Verde; ornamental pool inside Hotel Las Espuelas, 2 km SE of La Libertad; Rio Cañas, 9 km S of Cartagena.

Genus Tropinauta Taylor, 2003

Tropinauta Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 110-111.

TYPE SPECIES — Tropinauta sinusdulcensis Taylor, 2003.

DISTRIBUTION — Costa Rica.

TAXONOMY — A single species is currently recognized.

Tropinauta sinusdulcensis Taylor, 2003

Tropinauta sinusdulcensis Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 111; figs. 91-94 (anatomy).

TYPE LOCALITY — A small stream in pasture 3 km SE of Gulfito, Puntarenas Prov., Costa Rica (8°36.68’ N, 83°08.48’ W). Holotype CAS 146095.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — COSTA RICA: known only from the type locality.

Subfamily PHYSINAE Fischer & Crosse, 1886

TAXONOMY.— Taylor (2003) lists eleven genera.

DISTRIBUTION.— Holarctic in distribution, extending into the neotropical realm in Middle America.

Genus Chiapaphysa Taylor, 2003

Chiapaphysa Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 167.

TYPE SPECIES.— Chiapaphysa grijalvae Taylor, 2003.

DISTRIBUTION.— Chiapas, Mexico, and Costa Rica.

TAXONOMY — Two species are included in the genus.

Chiapaphysa grijalvae Taylor, 2003

Chiapaphysa grijalvae Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 168-170; fig. 165 (map); figs. 166-167 (anatomy); pl. 8, fig. 7 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY.— Rio Suchiapa, 2 km SE of Suchiapa, Chiapas (16°36.4’ N, 93°05.0’ W). Holotype CAS 114818.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Chiapas, in streams of both the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. CHIAPAS: Rio La Venta, Las Flores, Mex. Hwy. 190, 18 km E of Cintalapa (16º41.6’ N, 93º33.5’ W); Rio Suchiapa, 2 km SE of Suchiapa (16º36.4’ N, 93º05.0’ W); Rio Santo Domingo, Puente Santo Domingo, 9 km S of Cupía (16º37.4’ N, 92º59.8’ W); Rio Santo Domingo, 2 km NE of Julián Grajales (16º30.0’ N, 92º57.4’ W); Rio Quemado, ca. 1 km SW of Vicente Guerrero (16º25.7’ N, 92º43.5’ W); Baños del Carmen on Rio Quemado, ca. 1 km from rd. to La Angostura (16º25.4’ N, 92º43.0’ W); Rio San Francisco Ocotal at Mex. Hwy. 200 (16º07.6’ N, 93º47.7’ W); Rio Los Amates, Villa Flores (16º14.3’ N, 93º01.0’ W); Rio Pando, 1.5 km S of Villa Flores (16º12.8’ N, 93º16.1’ W); Rio Ningunito 1 km SW of Revolución Mexicana (16º09.6’ N, 93º04.8’ W); Rio Custepeques 2 km SE of Independencia (16º04.6’ N, 92º49.8’ W); irrigation ditch 1.5 km WNW of Independencia (16º05.8’ N, 92º51.7’ W).

Chiapaphysa pacifica Taylor, 2003

Chiapaphysa pacifica Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 170-172; fig. 165 (map); fig. 168 (anatomy); pl. 8, fig. 8 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY.— Rio Tenorito, Hacienda La Pacifica, Dept. Guanacaste, Costa Rica (10°29.02’ N, 85°09.58’ W). Holotype CA 114784.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Known only from Costa Rica. COSTA RICA, Prov. Guanacaste: Rio Salina, 1 km NW of Soley (11º01.05’ N, 85º40.46’ W); Parque Nacional de Guanacaste, Quebrada Aserradero (10º53.82’ N, 85º33.74’ W); Parque Santa Rosa, Sendero Las Mesas (10º50.95’ N, 85º36.65’ W) Parque Nacional Santa Rosa, Sendero Los Patos (10º49.57’ N, 85º37.84’ W); Rio Tempesquito, Vado Esperanza (10º47.38’ N, 85º33.11’ W); Rio Cabuya; Rio Tenerito, Hacienda La Pácifica, at rd. to “Ecomuseo” (10º29.02’ N, 95º09.58’ W); Hacienda La Pácifica, ditch 0.9 km W of Lechería (10º28.19’ N; 85º08.97’ W); rivulet 1.65 km S of Parque Nacional Barra Honda headquarters (10º09.92’ N, 85º22.84’ W).

Genus Haitia Clench & Aguayo, 1932

Haitia Clench & Aguayo, 1932; Proc. New England Zoological Club, 13: 37 — Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 128.

TYPE SPECIES — Physa elegans Clench & Aguayo, 1932.

DISTRIBUTION — Tropical and temperate North America, Central America, the West Indies, South America in Colombia, and along the Pacific slope from Peru to central Chile (Taylor, 2003).

TAXONOMY — Taylor recognizes fifteen species, five of which occur in Mexico and Central America.

Haitia lacustris (Clessin, 1886)

Physa lacustris Clessin, 1886; Syst. Conch. Cab., ed. 2, 338: 334; pl. 48, fig. 9.

Haitia lacustris (Clessin). Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop. 51 (suppl.): 133.

TYPE LOCALITY — Lago de Coatepeque, Dept. Sanata Ana, El Salvador. Holotype BMNH 93.2.4.1370.

DISTRIBUTION — EL SALVADOR: known only from the type locality.

TAXONOMY.— Possibly only an ecotype of Haitia mexicana (Taylor, 2003).

Haitia mexicana (Philippi, 1841)

Physa mexicana Philippi, 1841; in Küster, Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab., ed. 2, (Limnaeaceen): 5; pl. 1, figs. 3, 4 (shell).

Haitia mexicana (Philippi). Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 140-146; text-figs. 136-139 (anatomy); pl. 7, figs. 1-15 (shell).

Taylor lists the following forty-two names as synonyms.

Physa solida Philippi, 1841; in Küster, Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab., ed. 2, (Limnaeaceen): 6.

Physa squalida Morelet, 1851; Test. Noviss., II: 16.

Physa humerosa Gould, 1855; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5: 128.

Physa virgata Gould, 1855; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5: 128.

Physa fosheyi Lea, 1864; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 16: 114.

Physa grosvenori Lea, 1864; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 16: 114.

Physa halei Lea, 1864; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 16: 114.

Physa tenuissima Lea, 1864; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 16: 114.

Physa parva Lea, 1864; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 16: 115.

Physa striata Lea, 1864; Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Phila., 16: 115.

Physa traski Lea, 1884; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 16: 115.

Physa mexicana var. minor Von Martens, 1865; Malak. Blätt., 12: 57.

Physa mexicana var. ovslis Von Martens, 1865; Malak. Blätt., 12: 58.

Physa mexicana var. parva Von Martens, 1865; Malak. Blätt., 12: 58.

Physa mexicana var. minima Von Martens, 1865; Malak. Blätt., 12: 58.

Physa sparsestriata Tryon, 1865; Amer. Jour. Conch., 1: 224.

Physa distinguenda Tryon, 1865; Amer. Jour. Conch., 1: 225.

Physa politissima Tryon, 1865; Amer. Jour. Conch., 1: 226.

Physa dorbigniana Lea, 1867; Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 166.

Lymnaea ambigua Pease, 1870; Amer. Jour. Conch., 6: 6.

Lymnaea compacta Pease, 1870; Amer. Jour. Conch., 6: 6.

Physa mexicana minor Strebel, 1874: 51.

Physa berendti “Danker” Strebel, 1874: 55.

Physa boucardi Crosse & Fischer, 1882; Jour. de Conchyl., 29: 334.

Physa strebeli Crosse & Fischer, 1882; Jour. de. Conchyl., 29: 335.

Physa tehuantepecensis Crosse & Fischer, 1882; Jour. de Conchyl., 29: 335.

Physa mexicana var. acutissima Fischer & Crosse, 1886: 100.

Physa mexicana var. conoidea Fischer & Crosse, 1886: 100.

Physa mexicana var. plicata Fischer & Crosse, 1886: 100.

Physa tolucensis Fischer & Crosse, 1886: 100.

Physa intermedia Fischer & Crosse, 1886: 104.

Physa polakowskii Clessin, 1886; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab., Physa, 338: 352.

Physa cupreonitens Cockerelll, 1889; Jour. Conchol., 6: 63.

Physa penicillata Hemphill, 1890; Cat. N. Amer. Shells: 19.

Physa osculans rhyssa Pilsbry, 1899; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51: 401.

Physa rhomboidea Crandall, 1901; Nautilus, 15: 44.

Physa virgata mut. alba Cockerell, 1902; Jour. Malac., 9: 138.

Physa cradalli F. C. Baker, 1906; Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 16: 8.

Physa balteata Preston, 1907; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 20: 497.

Physa bottimeri Clench, 1924; Nautilus, 38: 12.

Physa marci F. C. Baker, 1924; Nautilus, 38: 15.

Physa humerosa interioris Pilsbry, 1932; Nautilus, 45: 139.

TYPE LOCALITY — Physa mexicana: “Mexiko”. Holotype: destroyed in SMF during 1939-1945 war.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Continuous from the Central Valley of California southward over the Mexican Plateau to Oaxaca and Tabasco, and south through Central America at least to Colombia; eastward through southern Nevada, central and southern Utah, Arizona and New Mexico across the southern Great Plains from Colorado to Illinois, Missouri and Louisiana. Patchy occurrences in Washington, Oregon and Idaho (Taylor, 2003).

In Mexico recorded by Taylor from the states of Campeche, Colima, Distrito Federal, Guerrero, Michoacán, Oaxaca and Tabasco. In Costa Rica recorded form the Providencias Cartago, Heredia, Puntarenas and San José.

Haitia moreleti Taylor, 2003

Haitia moreleti Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 146-147; fig. 15 (map); fig. 140 (anatomy), pl. 6, fig. 2 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY.— Marshy border of Lago de Petén-Itzá, Santa Elena, Dept. Petén, Guatemala. Holotype CAS 114821.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS.— GUATEMALA: known only from the immediate vicinity of the type locality (Taylor, 2003).

Haitia patzcuarensis (Pilsbry, 1891)

Physa osculans var. patzcuarensis Pilsbry, 1891a: 9.—Pilsbry, 1891b: 323; pl. 15, fig. 5.

Haitia patzcuarensis (Pilsbry). Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 149-150; text-fig. 143 (penial complex), text-fig. 144 (egg mass); pl. 6, fig. 1 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY.— Lago de Patzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexico. Holotype ANSP 61629.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS.— MICHOACAN: known only from Lago de Patzcuaro.

Haitia solidissima (Pilsbry, 1920)

Physa solidissima Pilsbry, 1920; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 71: 219; pl. 11, fig. 8.

Haitia solidissima (Pilsbry). Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 135.

TYPE LOCALITY.— Laguna de Chapala, Jalisco, Mexico. Holotype ANSP 107482.

DISTRIBUTION.— JALISCO: known only from Laguna de Chapala.

Genus Ultraphysella Taylor, 2003

Ultraphysella Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 191.

TYPE SPECIES — Ultraphysella sinaloae Taylor, 2003.

DISTRIBUTION.— Known from Sinaloa and Nayarit, northwestern Mexico.

TAXONOMY — One species is known for the genus.

Ultraphysella sinaloae Taylor, 2003

Ultraphysella sinaloae Taylor, 2003; Rev. Biol. Trop., 51 (suppl.): 192-195; fig. 15 (map); figs. 187-191 (anatomy); pl. 9, fig. 1 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — A pool at rd. 2.5 mi from Villa Unión toward Siqueiros, Sinaloa, Mexico (23°13.4’ N, 106°12.5’ W). Holotype CAS 146096.

DISTRIBUTION.— NAYARIT: Rio de Palillo, El Palillo (21º38.1’ N, 105º08.4’ W); pond beside Mex. Hwy. 68D, 0.7 km E of exit to San Pedro Lagunillas, 0.1 km E of km post 16 (21º12.3’ N, 104º45.1’ W). SINALOA: pool in culvert on rd. from Villa Unión to Siqueiro, 4.2 km from Mex. Hwy. 15 in Villa Unión (23º13.4’ N, 106º12.5’ W); stream at Mex. Hwy. 15, 4.2 km NW of Ricón Verde (22º55.7’ N, 105º49.7’ W); marshy pool beside Mex. Hwy. 15, 7 km S of Ojo Agua de Palmillas, and 41 km S of Escuinapa (22º33.6’ N, 105º35.0’ W).

Superfamily ELLOBIOIDEA

Family CARYCHIIDAE Jeffreys, 1829

Genus Carychium Müller, 1774

Carychium Müller, 1774; Verm. terr. et fluv. Hist., 2: 125.

TYPE SPECIES — Carychium minimum Müller, 1774.

DISTRIBUTION — Holarctic realm in general. Extending south to Java and the Philippine Islands in the Old World, and to Costa Rica and Jamaica in the New World.

TAXONOMY — Eleven species occur in North America. Two occur in the study area.

Carychium costaricensisVon Martens, 1898

Carychium costaricensis Von Martens, 1898: 253; pl. 19, figs. 17, 18 (shell) — Hinkley, 1920; Nautilus, 34: 52.

TYPE LOCALITY — San José, Costa Rica.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — COSTA RICA: type locality. GUATEMALA, Dept. Alta Verapaz: Chama (Hinkley, 1920).

Carychium mexicanumPilsbry, 1891

Carychium exiguum mexicanum Pilsbry, 1891; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 43: 318-319; pl. 14, figs. 7, 8, 9 (shell) — Von Martens, 1898: 352; pl. 19, figs. 15, 16 (shell) — Baker, 1930a: 2 — Goodrich & van der Schalie, 1937; Misc. Pub. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., (34): 30 — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer. , 2: 1060; fig. 566c (shell) — Basch, 1959; Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., (612): 12 — Correa-Sandoval, 1993; Rev. Biol. Trop., 41: 675 — Correa-Sandoval, Gutierrez & Reza, 1998: 13 — Correa-Sandoval & Castro, 2002; Acta Zool. Mex., (86): 235 — Correa-Sandoval & Rodriguez, 2005: 59.

Carychium mexicanum Pilsbry. Hubricht, 1985: 6; map 14.

TYPE LOCALITY — Hills around Orizaba, Veracruz, 500 ft. above the town. Holotype ANSP 61628a (Baker, 1964: 193).

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Widely distributed across the southern United States from Georgia and Florida west to Texas, and south to Guatemala. GUATEMALA (Goodrich & van der Scahlie, 1937). Dept. Escuintla: Costa Cuca (Von Martens, 1898). Dept. Huehuetenango: Hacienda Helvetia, in upper Cholhuitz. Dept. Izabal: Chama. Dept. Petén: Tikal (Basch, 1959). NUEVO LEON: Diente, nr. Monterrey (Pilsbry, 1948); Santiago (Correa-Sandoval, 1993); near Laguna de Sanchez, Parque Vitro (25°23’24” N, 100°12’57” W); km 66, road from Linares-san Roberto (24°45’22” N 100°02’18” N) (Correa-Sandoval & Rodriguez, 2005). PUEBLA: near Necaxa, 2625-5500 ft. alt. (Baker, 1930a). SAN LUÍS POTOSÍ: carr. Jalpan-Xilitla, 6 km SW of Xilitla, 830 m alt. (21°23’10” N, 99°03’56” W) (Correa-Sandoval, et al, 1998). TAMAULIPAS: Tampico; Ejida Santa Juana, W of Nuevo Padilla (24°02’17” N, 98°59’18” W) (Correa-Sandoval & Castro, 2002). VERACRUZ: Cordoba, 2700 ft. alt. (Baker, 1930a); Texolo (Pilsbry, 1948).

Genus Coelostela Benson, 1864

Coelostela Benson, 1864; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), 13: 136.

TYPE SPECIES — Coelostela scalaris Benson, 1864.

DISTRIBUTION — India, southern Arabia, Egypt, Syria and southern Spain; northeastern Mexico.

TAXONOMY — Many species. The single Mexican species may be introduced.

Coelostele tampicoensis(Pilsbry, 1907)

Spiraxis tampicoensis Pilsbry, 1907; Man. Conch, 19: 24; pl. 20, fig. 1 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1907; Nautilus, 21: 28; pl. 3, fig. 5 — Hinkley, 1907; Nautilus, 21: 77.

Coelostele tampicoensis (Pilsbry). Pilsbry, 1908; Man. Conch., 19: 346 — Correa-Sandoval, Gutierrez & Raza, 1998: 15.

TYPE LOCALITY — Tampico, Tamaulipas; in river drift. Holotype ANSP 93786a (Baker, 1964: 193).

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — SAN LUÍS POTOSÍ: numerous localities (Correa-Sandoval, et al, 1998). TAMAULIPAS: known only from the type locality.

SYSTELOMMATOPHORA

Superfamily VERONICELLOIDEA

Family VERONICELLIDAE Gray, 1840

DISTRIBUTION — Pantropical.

TAXONOMY — Approximately 300 species have been proposed, but many of these probably are synonyms (Thomé, Santos & Perdott, 1997).

Some veronicellid slugs are readily distributed by human agency. They have been introduced into many places in tropical and subtropical regions, often with dire agricultural consequences because they feed upon newly emergent seedlings. Four species are native to the study area. Five others have been introduced.

Genus Belocaulus Hoffmann, 1925

Belocaulus Hoffmann, 1925; Jenaische Zeit, für Naturw., 61: 198, 245 — Thomé, 1975; Iheringia, Zool., 48; : 11-12.

TYPE SPECIES — Vaginula angustipes Heynemann, 1885.

DISTRIBUTION — Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. Introduced elsewhere.

TAXONOMY — The genus includes two species.

Belocaulus angustipes(Heynemann, 1885)

Vaginulus angustipes Heynemann, 1885; Jahrb. Deut, Malakozool. Gesell., 12: 275-277 — Simroth, 1914; Mem. Soc. Neuchât. Sci. nat., 35: 324-325; pl. 14, figs. 8-11 — Thomé, 1969; Arch. für Moll., 99: 334-335; pl. 7, figs. 7-9 (animal); text-figs. 5-7, 39 (reproductive anatomy).

Belocaulus angustipes (Heynemann) — Hoffmann, 1925; Jenaische Zeit, für Naturw., 61: 198 — Lopez-Pitone and Thomé, 1981; Rev. Bras. Biol., 41: 586-591 — Thomé, 1993; Biociências, 1: 70 — Thomé, Santos & Pedott, 1997; Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 110: 521.

TYPE LOCALITY — Taquera, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Lectotype SMF 194290 (Thomé, 1969: 334).

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Colombia. Introduced into Honduras, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana and Texas. HONDURAS: no specific locality (Thomé, et al, 1997).

Genus Diploselenodes Thomé, 1975

Diploselenodes Thomé, 1975; Ihringia, Zoologie, (48): 13-14.

TYPE SPECIES — Vaginula bielanbergi Semper, 1885.

DISTRIBUTION — Chile, Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela, Guayana, Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico; Hispaniola, Central America. Introduced elsewhere.

TAXONOMY — Six species are recognized (Thomé, 1975).

Diplosolenodes occidentalis(Guilding, 1825)

Onchidium occidentalis Guilding, 1825, Trans. Linn Soc., 14: 323: pl. 9, figs. 9-12.

Vaginulus occidentalis (Guilding). Fischer, 1871; Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., 7: 164.

Vaginulus (Latipes) occidentalis (Guilding). H. B. Baker, 1925; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 77: 174-177; pl. 5, figs. 18, 19, 20 (reproductive anatomy).

Cylindrocaulus occidentalis Hoffmann, 1925; Jenaische Zeit, für Naturw., 61: 144, 234.

Diplosolenodes occidentalis (Guilding) — Thomé, 1975; Ihringia, Zoologie, (48): 14 — Thomé, 1985; Rev. Bras. Zool., 2 (6): 411-417 — Thomé, 1993: 71 — Thomé, Santos, & Pedott, 1997; Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 110: 522. — Pérez & López, 2002: 244-246; map.

TYPE LOCALITY — Puerto Rico.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Guayana, Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras and Dominica. Introduced into Hawaii and Bahamas (Thomé, Santos & Pedott, 1997: 522). COSTA RICA, Puntarenas Prov.: Rio Surubres, Bonnefil Finca (Thomé, et al, 1997). HONDURAS: Bantua [?] (Thomé et al, 1997). NICARAGUA, Pacific versant of the country (Pérez & López, 2002). Dept. Rio San Juan (Pérez & López, 2002). Dept. Masaya: Ticuantepe (Thomé, et al, 1997). PANAMA: Panama Prov.: Punta de Piña; Panama City. Canal Zone: Flamenco Island (Thomé, et al, 1997). EL SALVADOR: (Thomé, et al, 1997).

Diplosolenodes olivacea(Stearns, 1871)

Veronicalla olivacea Stearns, 1871; Conch. Mem., 8: 1.

Vaginulus (latipes) olivaceus (Stearns). H. B. Baker, 1925; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 77: 177-178; pl. 5, figs. 15, 16, 17 (reproductive anatomy).

?Cylindrocaulus olivaceus (Stearns). Hoffmann, 1925; Jen. Zeit, für Naturw., 61: 232; pl. 5, fig. 45d.

Diplosolenodes olivacea (Stearns) — Thomé, 1975; Ihringia, Zoologie, (48): 14 — Thomé & Lopez-Pitoni, 1976; Rev. Bras. Biol., 36: 710-712.

TYPE LOCALITY — Nicaragua, Dept. León, Polvón (12º29’ N, 87º00’ W). (H. B. Baker, 1925). Lectotype USNM 39160.

DISTRIBUTION — NICARAGUA: known only from the type locality. COSTA RICA, Limon Prov.: Pacuarito (Hoffmann, 1925).

TAXONOMY. This may be a synonym of Diplosoleodes occidentalis (Baker, 1925c).

Genus Leidyula H. B. Baker, 1925

Leidyula H. B. Baker, 1925; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 77: 158.– Hoffmann, 1927: 211 — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 1063 — Forcart, 1967; Ann. Natal Mus., 18: 251-252 — Thomé, 1975; Ihringia, Zoologie, (48): 17-19.

TYPE SPECIES — Vaginula moreleti Fischer, 1971.

DISTRIBUTION — Guatemala, Mexico, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Cuba, southeastern United States.

TAXONOMY — About twelve species are recognized.

Leidyula floridanaLeidy, 1851

Vaginulus floridanus Leidy, 1851; in Binney, Terrestrial air-breathing mollusks of the United States and the adjacent territories of North America: 198, 251; pl. 4.

Veronicella floridana (Leidy). Binney, 1878; Terr. Moll. N. Amer., 5: 241; fig. 140, pl. 5, fig. p (jaw & radula) — H. B. Baker, 1925; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 77: 167; pl. 4, figs. 12-14 (reproductive anatomy) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 1063-1064; figs. 568a, 568b (animal); fig. 568c (reproductive anatomy).

Leidyula floridana (Leidy). Naranjo-Garcia, Thomé & Castillejo, 2007; Rev. Mex. Biod., 78: 42.

TYPE LOCALITY — Punta Rasa, Florida. Restricted to Meta-Lee-Chee Key, Charlotte Harbour, Florida (Thomé, 1989). Holotype USNM 180860.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — CHIAPAS: at Rio Coatancito, Tapachula. NUEVO LEÓN: Hualahuises; Presa Los Magueyes, km 118, Cd. Victoria-Linares Hwy.; Cerro de la Silla, Guadalupe; Presa la Boca, Santiago; Las Adjuntas, Santiago. VERACRUZ: Poza Rica; Tlapacoyan (Naranjo-Garcia, Thomé & Castillejo, 2007).

Leidyula moreleti(Fischer, 1871)

Vaginula moreleti Fischer, 1871; Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., 7: 168-169, 175; pl.11, figs. 5, 6 (holotype) — Crosse & Fischer, 1872; Jour. de Conchyl., 20: 59 — Fischer & Crosse, 1878; Miss. Sci. Mex., I: 682; pl. 24, fig. 14; pl. 29, figs. 6-14 (anatomy) — Bequaert & Clench, 1936; Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash., (457): 66.

Veronicella (Leidyula) moreleti (Crosse & Fischer). Pilsbry, 1919; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 71: 219 — H. B. Baker, 1925; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 77: 165-167; pl. 4, figs. 7-11 (anatomy).

Leidyula moreleti (Fischer). Thomé, 1971; Iheringia, Zool. (40): 32-34 — Thomé, Santos & Pedott, 1997; Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 110: 529 — Thomé, 1993: 71 — Correa-Sandoval, Gutierrez & Reza, 1998; Acta Zool. Mex., (73): 13 — Correa-Sandoval, 2000; Acta Zool. Mex., (97): 8 — Correa-Sandoval & Castro, 2002; Acta Zool. Mex., (86): 235 — Naranjo-Garcia, Thomé & Catillejo, 2007; Rev. Mex. Biod., 78: 42-44.

Vaginulus mexicanus Strebel & Pfeffer, 1882: 130-131, 140-141, 145; pl. 19, figs. 1-19, 21, 23, 26-27 (anatomy) — Thomé, 1969; Arch. Moll., 99: 353-354; pl. 9, figs. 19-21 (animal); text-figs. 23-25, 46 (reproductive anatomy).

Veronicella mexicana betheli Cockerell, 1913; Nautilus, 27: 1.

TYPE LOCALITIES — Vaginula moreleti: Palenque, Chiapas. Holotype designated as pl. 11, figs. 5 and 6, in Fischer, 1871 (Thomé, 1971). Vaginulus mexicanus: Mexico; lectotype SMF 194283 (Thomé, 1969)

DISTRIBUTION — Colombia, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala and Mexico. Introduced into Florida and the West Indies (Thomé, Santos & Pedott, 1997: 529). GAUTEMALA, Dept. Izabal: Jacola; Livingston (Pilsbry, 1919; Baker, 1925); Puerto Barios (Cockerell, 1913). HONDURAS (Cockerell, 1913) — NICARAGUA, Dept. León: Polvón. MEXICO, CAMPECHE: Isla de Carmen; Cd. Campeche (Thompson, 1967). CHIAPAS: Palenque (type locality). NAYARIT: Tepic (Baker, 1925); Cacaprieto. OAXACA: Mecos; Tehuantepec, Cd. Valles (Baker, 1925). SAN LUIS POTOSÍ: Cd. Valles (Hinkley, 1907); Huichihuayán; Mecos; Tamazunchale (Thomé, et al, 1997); km 5 on road Tamazunchale-El Taiman (21º14’23” N, 98º49’44” W); (Correa-Sandoval, et al, 1998). TABASCO (Baker, 1925). TAMAULIPAS: various localities in SE part of the state (Correa-Sandoval & Castro, 2000). VERACRUZ: Cuatotolapam (Baker, 1925c); Las Tuxtlas Biological Station (Naranjo-Garcia, et al, 2007); km. post 234, road from Tuxpan-Poza Rica (20º49’11” N, 97º30’00” W)(Correa-Sandoval, 2000). YUCATAN: Aguada 14 km N and 2 km E of Mérida; 1.6 km N of Mérida (Bequaert & Clench, 1936); Mérida; X’makuil (Naranjo-Garcia, et al, 2007).

Genus Phyllocaulis Colosi, 1922

Phyllocaulis Colosi, 1922; Ann. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 31: 486 — Thomé, 1975; Ihringia, Zool., (48): 21-24 — Thomé, 1976; Iheringia, Zool., 49: 67-90.

TYPE SPECIES — By subsequent designation: Phylocaulus borellini Colosi, 1921 (H. B. Baker, 1925; Nautilus, 39: 15) (= Vaginulus soleiformis Orbigny, 1835).

DISTRIBUTION — Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile and Bolivia. Introduced elsewhere.

TAXONOMY — About twenty species are recognized (Thomé, 1975, 1976). One had been introduced into western Mexico, but it has not been found there since it was reported in 1925.

Phyllocaulis gayi(Fischer, 1871)

Vaginulus gayi Fischer, 1871; Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., 7: 172.

Vaginulus (Phyllocolis) gayi (Fischer). H. B. Baker, 1925; Nautilus, 39: 15.

Phyllocolis gayi (Fischer). Thomé, 1971; Iheringia, Zool., (4): 27-29; pl. 1, figs. 4-6 (animal); text-figs. 1-3, 18 (reproductive anatomy) — Naranjo-Garcia, Thomé & Castillejo, 2007; Rev. Mex. Biod., 78: 44-45.

TYPE LOCALITY — Valdivia, Chile. Lectotype in the Museum d’Historie Naturelle, Paris (Forcart, 1952).

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Southern Chile (Naranjo-Garcia, Thomé & Castillejo, 2007). SINALOA: Mazatlán (Hoffmann, 1925).

Genus Sarasinula Grimpe & Hoffmann, 1924

Sarasinula Grimpe & Hoffmann, 1924; Zool. Anz., 68: 177 — Thomé, 1975; Ihringia, Zool., (48): 25-27.

TYPE SPECIES — By original designation: Vaginulus plebeius Fischer, 1868.

DISTRIBUTION — Indo-Pacific region. Neotropical region: Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Lesser Antilles. Introduced elsewhere.

TAXONOMY — Twelve species are recorded from the neotropical region (Thomé, 1975). Additional species occur in the Indo-Pacific region. Two species have been introduced into Mexico and Central America.

Sarasinula dubia (Semper, 1885)

Vaginua dubia Semper, 1885; Landmollusken, 7: 296 — Thomé, 1972: 252-253.

Sarasinula dubia (Semper) — Thomé, 1993; Biociências, 1: 71 — Thomé, Santos & Pedott, 1997; Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 110: 530 — Naranjo-Garcia, Thomé & Castillejo, 2007; Rev. Mex. Biod., 78: 46-47.

TYPE LOCALITY — St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. Lectotype ZMB 39057a (Naranjo-Garcia, Thomé & Casillejo, 2007).

DISTRIBUTION — Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, Honduras and México. Introduced into Texas, Florida, the West Indies and some Pacific Islands (Thomé, et al, 1997). Its natural distribution in Central America and Mexico is questionable. COSTA RICA, Puntarenas Prov.: Golfito. HONDURAS: La Lima (Thomé, et al, 1997). EL SALVADOR, Dept. La Libertad: Santa Telca. CHIAPAS: ca. 1 km E of Finca Custepec, E side of Rio Custec; 5 km E of Cañada Teopisca. COLIMA: Callejones (18º47’53” N, 103º38’29” W). JALISCO: El Grullo; Pueblo Careyes, km 54 on Fed. Hwy. 200, Barra de Navidad–Puerto Vallara; Puerto Vallara. MORELOS: Tetecalita, 16.5 km S, 65. km E of Cuernavaca; 25 km W of Huamantla. OAXACA: 4 km NW of Tepantepec (16º23’54” N, 94º12’54” W). QUERETARO: Jalpan; Xilitla. SAN LUÍS POTOSÍ: Cascada de Tamasopo, 4 km E of Tamasopo. SINALOA: Mazatlan. VERACRUZ: Cuitláhuac (all Mexican records from Naranjo-Garcia, et al, 2007).

Sarasinula plebeia (Fischer, 1868)

Vaginulus prebeius Fischer, 1868; Jour. de Conchyl., 16: 145.

Sarasinula plebeia (Fischer) — Andrews & Dundee, 1987; Ceiba, 28: 163-172 — Thomé, 1993; Biociências, 1: 71 — Thomé, Santos & Pedott, 1997; Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 110: 530-531 — Naranjo-Garcia, Thomé & Catillejo, 2007; Rev. Mex. Biod., 78: 45.

TYPE LOCALITY — Nouméa, New Caledonia (Thomé, 1971).

DISTRIBUTION — Native to Chile, Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala and Mexico. Introduced into Florida, Texas, the West Indies, Australia, Asia and Africa (Thomé, Santos & Pedott, 1997: 530-531). COSTA RICA, Puntarenas Prov.: Golfito. EL SALVADOR, Dept. La Libertad: Santa Telca. HONDURAS: no specific locality. NICARAGUA: no specific locality. MEXICO, VERACRUZ: Los Tuxtlas Biological Station (Naranjo-Garcia, et al, 2007). YUCATAN: Merida (Andrews & Dundee, 1987).

Genus Veronicella Blainville, 1817

Veronicella Blainville, 1817; Journal de Physique, de Chimie, et d’Histoire Naturelle…, 85 (12): 437-444 — H. B. Baker, 1925: 158 — Thomé, 1975; Ihringia, Zoologie, (48): 32-35.

TYPE SPECIES — Veronicella laevis Blainville, 1817, by monotypy.

DISTRIBUTION — Jamaica, Hispaniola, Cuba, Ecuador and Chile. Introduced elsewhere.

TAXONOMY — Seven species are recognizes (Thomé, 1975, 1988).

Veronicella sloanei (Cuvier, 1816)

Onchdium sloanei Cuvier, 1816; Reg. An., II: 411.

Veronicella sloanei (Cuvier) — H. B. Baker, 1925; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 77: 163-165; pl. 3, figs. 5, 6 — Thomé, 1988; Iheringia, Zool. (67): 13-35 — Thomé, 1993; Biociências, 1: 70 — Thomé, Santos & Pedott, 1997; Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 110: 532.

Leidyula sloanei (Cuvier). Thomé, 1975; Ihringia, Zool., (48): 18.

TYPE LOCALITY — Jamaica.

DISTRIBUTION — Jamaica, Cayman Islands. Introduced into Barbados, Bahama Islands, Bermuda, Colombia (Old Providence Island), Nicaragua and Honduras (Thomé, Santos & Pedott, 1997: 532. HONDURAS: no specific locality given. NICARAGUA: Machuca.

STYLOMMATOPHORA

Superfamily SUCCINEOIDEA

Family SUCCINEIDAE Beck, 1837

Genus Catinella Pease, 1870

TYPE SPECIES — Catinella rubida Peace, 1870.

DISTRIBUTION — Northern Europe, North America, Hawaii and Samoa.

TAXONOMY — Three subgenera are recognized. One occurs in the study area.

Subgenus Mediappendix Pilsbry, 1948

Mediappendix Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 843.

TYPE SPECIES — Succcinea campestris vagans Pilsbry, 1900.

DISTRIBUTION — North America, Europe and temperate Asia..

TAXONOMY — Nine species are recognized. Two occur in Mexico.

Catinella(Mediappendix) avara (Say, 1824)

Succinea avara Say, 1824; Major Long’s Second Expedition (Northwest Territory, 2: 260; pl. 15, fig. 6 (shell) — H. B. Baker, 1930; Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich, (220): 4 — Bequaert & Clench, 1936; Pub. Canegie Inst. Wash., (457): 65 — Pilsbry, 1848; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 837-840; figs. 455 a-k (shell).

Catinella avara (Say). Burch, 1962: 67 — Hubricht, 1985: 16; map 134.

Succinea vermeta Say, 1829; New Harmony Disseminator, 2: 230.

Quickella vermeta (Say). Hubricht, 1958; Nautilus, 72: 60.

Catinella vermeta (Say). Grimm, 1960; Nautilus, 74: 12 — Hubricht, 1985: 16.

Catinella texana Hubricht, 1961; Nautilus, 75: 61.

TYPE LOCALITY — Northwest territory. Holotype ANSP 59542.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Widespread across North America. CAMPECHE: Pantel Aguada,nr. Champoton (Bequaert & Clench, 1936). MEXICO: San Juan Teotihuacan (H. B. Baker, 1930). YUCATAN: San Ignacio (H. B. Baker, 1930).

Catinella (Mediappendix) rehderi Pilsbry, 1948

Quickella rehderi Pilsbry, 1948; Land Mol. N. Amer., 2: 845-847; fig. 457: b, fig. 457A: a-l (shell); fig. 456: D (reproductive anatomy).

Catinella rehderi (Pilsbry). Smith, Miller, Christensen & Roth, 1990; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 47: 128.

TYPE LOCALITY — 5 miles west of Davenport, Lincoln Co., Washington. Holotype ANSP 147757a.

DISTRIBUTION — Washington and Montana south to Baja California Sur. BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE: Isla Coronados; Tecate Valley, nr. U. S. border; 6.8 km S of San Misión, 150 m alt.; Punta Banda; stream bank W of Ensenada rd. ca. 15 km N of San Tomás; 0.8 km N San Vicente, 90 m alt.; San Telmo Mesa; 40 km N of El Rosario; Miller’s Landing; 14 km E of Miller’s Landing; 13 km S of Miller’s Landing; mesa just S of Rancho Mezquital (Smith, et al, 1990). BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Bajia San Bartolomé; 19 km SW of San Miguel Comondú; Bajia San Pedrito, 6.3 km SE of Todos Santos; 0.3 km SSE ofSan Jose del Cabo, on rd. to La Playa (Smith, et al, 1990).

Genus Oxyloma Westerlund, 1885

TYPE SPECIES — Succinea duneri Pfeiffer, 1865.

DISRIBUTION — Northern continents and South Africa.

TAXONOMY — Three subgenera are recognized. One occurs in Mexico.

Subgenus Neoxyloma Pilsbry, 1948

Neoxyloma Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 775.

TYPE SPECIES — Succinea effuse Pfeifer, 1853.

DISTRIBUTION — North America.

TAXONOMY — About a dozen species are recognized. Two species and one subspecies occur in Mexico.

Oxyloma (Neoxyloma) nuttalliana Lea, 1841

Succinea nuttalliana Lea, 1841; Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 2: 32.

Oxyloma nuttalliana (Lea) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 794-795 — Smith, Miller, Christensen & Roth, 1990; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 47: 129.

TYPE LOCALITY — Oregon.

DISTRIBUTION — BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: 19 km SW of San Miguel Comandú (Smith, et al, 1990).

Oxyloma (Neoxyloma) tlapamensis tlapamensis Pilsbry, 1899

Succinea tlapamensis Pilsbry, 1899; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51: 401 — Von Martens, 1901; Biol. Cent. Amer.: 647 — Pilsbry, 1904; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 55: 776; pl. 48, figs. 4, 4a (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Near Tlapam, State of Mexico. Lectotype ANSP 77207a (H. B. Baker, 1963: 215.

DISTIBUTION RECORDS — MEXICO: known only from the type locality.

Oxyloma (Neoxyloma) tlapamensis cuitseana Pilsbry, 1899

Succinea tlapamensis cuitseana Pilsbry, 1899; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51: 401 — Von Martens, 1901; Biol. Cent. Amer.: 647 — Pilsbry, 1904; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 55: 776

TYPE LOCALITY — Lago de Cuitseo, near Huango, Michoacán. Lectotype ANSP 77208a (H. B. Baker, 1963: 215.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — MICHOACAN: known only from the type locality.

Genus Succinea Draparnaud, 1801

Succinea Draparnaud, 1801; Tableau des Mollques terrestres et fluviatiles de la France: 55.

TYPE SPECIES — Helix putris Linnaeus, 1756.

DISTRIBUTION — The northern Hemisphere, North Africa, Australia and some Pacific islands.

TAXONOMY — Five subgenera are recognized. Subgeneric assignment is based on anatomical data, for which the vast majority of the Mexican and Central American species are lacking. Two species of known anatomy are so assigned. The rest are left provisionally in the subgenus Succinea.

Subgenus Calcisuccinea Pilsbry, 1948.

Calcisuccinea Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 820.

TYPE SPECIES — Succinea campestris Say, 1817.

DISTRIBUTION — North America.

TAXONOMY — About a dozen species are recognized. Two species and three subspecies that occur in Mexico are assigned to this subgenus.

Succinea(Calcisuccinea) campestris Say, 1817

Succinea campestris Say, 1817; Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1: 281 — Pilsbry, 1891; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 43: 318.

Succinea (Calcisuccinea) campestris Say. Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 826-828; fig. 448 (shell); figs. 449a (reproductive anatomy).

TYPE LOCALITY — Sea Islands of Georgia and Cumberland Island; Amelia Island, N. E. Florida.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Coastal areas of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. MEXICO, Distrito Federal: lago de Texcoco (Pilsbry, 1901).

REMARKS — This species has not been recorded from Mexico subsequent Pilsbry’s report in 1891.

Succinea (Calcisuccinea) luteola luteola Gould, 1848

Succinea luteola Gould, 1848; Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 3: 37 — Fischer & Crosse, 1878; Miss. Sci. Mex., 1:658; pl. 27, figs. 2, 2a, 2b (shell) — Dall, 1896; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19: 365 — Von Martens, 1898; Biol. Centr. Amer.: 331 — Bequaert & Clench, 1936; Pub. Canegie Inst. Wash., (457): 65 — Goodrich & van der Schalie, 1937: 31 — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 1: 828-830; fig 448: B (reproductive anatomy); figs. 450: a-g (shell) — Branson, McCoy & Sisk, 1964; Southwestern Naturalist, 9: 104 — Correa-Sandoval, Gutierrez & Reza, 1898: 14 — Correa-Sandoval, 2000; Acta Zool.Mex., (79):: 8 — Correa-Sandoval & Castro, 2002; Acta Zool. Mex., (86): 236 — Correa-Sandoval & Rodriguez, 2005: 59.

Succinea texasiana Pfeiffer, 1848; Mon. helic. Vivent., 2: 526.

TYPE LOCALITY — Galveston, Texas (Pilsbry, 1948: 830).

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Widely distributed from Louisiana west to Arizona and south through much of Mexico. GUATEMALA (Goodrich & van er Schalie, 1937). CHIHUAHUA: Lago de Palomas (Dall, 1896). GUERRERO; Venta de Zopilote (Von Martens, 1898). NUEVO LEON: km 8 on road from Linares-San Roberto (24°48’54” N, 88°37’10” W); km 27 on road from Linares-Iturbide (24°44’43” N, 99°46’37” W); km 114, road from San Roberto-Matehuala (24°32’42” N, 100°16’40’ W) (Correa-Sandoval & Rodriguez, 2005). SAN LUÍS POTOSÍ: numerous localities (Correa-Sandoval, et al, 1998). SONORA: Rio Bavispa, 21 mi. S of Agua Prieta (Branson, et al, 1964). TAMAULIPAS: numerous localities in southern part of state (Correa-Sandoval & Castro, 2002; Acta Zool. Mex., (86): 236). VERACRUZ: Rancho El Sol, Naranjos (21°20’00” N, 97°43’16” W); San Juan Cuajinampa (21°11’53” N, 97°30’00” W); El Bajío, carr. Naranjo — Tuxpan (20°57’17” N, 97°25’57” W); carr. Tuxpa — Poza Rica, km 234 (1 km al E) (20°49’11” N, 97°30’00” W); El Cedral, carr. Poza Rica-Tajín (20°29’11” N, 97°25’23” W); La Ordeña, Papantla (20°29’43” N, 97°18’27” W); Ruinas El Tajín (20°26’29” N, 97°22’30” W); La Guadalupe, carr. Papantl — Nautla, km 60 (20°22’42” N, 96°55’23” W) (Correa-Sandoval, 1999). YUCATAN: Progreso (Pilsbry, 1891); Cerro Isla; Cienega, nr. Progreso (Bequaert & Clench, 1936).

Succinea (Calcisuccinea) luteola rudiuscula Von Martens, 1898

Succinea luteola rudiuscula Von Martens, 1898; Biol. Cent. Amer.: 331, 334; pl. 19, fig. 3 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Tehuacán, Puebla.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — PUEBLA: known only from the type locality.

Succinea (Calcisuccinea) luteola sonoreneis Fischer & Crosse, 1878

Sucinea lineata var. sonoreneis Fischer & Crosse, 1878; Miss. Sci. Mex., 1:662; pl. 27, figs. 8, 8a, 8b (shell).

Succinea luteola sonorensis Fischer & Crosse. Bequaert & Miller, 1973: 155-156.

TYPE LOCALITY — Vicinity of the Rio Yaqui, Sonora.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — SONORA: 33 mi. W of Santa Ana; 1 mi. N of Santa Ana; 2 mi. N of Granados, on Rio Bavispe (Bequaert & Miller, 1973).

Succinea (Calcisuccinea) luteola subtilis Von Martens, 1898

Succinea luteola subtilis Von Martens, 1898; Biol. Centr. Amer.: 331; pl. 19, fig. 3 (shell) — Hinkley, 1907; Nautilus, 21: 78.

TYPE LOCALITY — Vera Cruz.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — SAN LUIS POTOSI: Valles (Hinkley, 1907). VERACRUZ: type locality.

Subgenus Succinea Draparnaud, 1801

TAXONOMY — The following species are left in this subgenus, pending further study of their anatomies. Twenty-two species and three subspecies occur in the study area.

Sucinea ampulacea Von Martens, 1898

Succinea ampulacea Von Martens, 1898; Biol. Centr. Amer.: 340; pl. 19, fig. 11 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Ameca, Jalisco.

DISTRIBUITON RECORDS — JALISCO: known only from the type locality.

Succinea brevisDunker, 1850

Succinea brevis Dunker, 1850; in Pfeiffer, Malak. Blätt., 7: 84 — Fischer & Crosse, 1878; Miss. Sci. Mex., 1:65; pl. 26, figs. 14, 14a, 14b (shell) Von Martens, 1898; Biol. Centr. Amer.: 339; pl. 19. fig. 7 (shell) — Bequaert, 1957; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 116: 225.

TYPE LOCALITY — Zimapan, Hidalgo.

DISTRIBUTION — CHIAPAS: El Real, 600 m alt. (Bequaert, 1957). HIDALGO: Zimapan.

Succinea californica Crosse and Fischer, 1990

Succinea californica Crosse and Fischer, 1878; Jour. de Conchyl., 26: 63 — Fischer & Crosse,1878: 663; pl. 27, figs 9, 9a, 9b (shell) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 841-842; fig. 457d (shell) — Smith, Miller, Christensen & Roth, 1990; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 47: 128.

TYPE LOCALITY — San Tomás, Baja California Norte.

DISTRIBUTION — BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE: Santo Tomás; Santo Tomás Valley (Smith, et al, 1990).

Succinea carmenensisFischer & Crosse, 1878

Succinea undulate var. carmenensis Fischer & Crosse, 1878; Miss. Sci. Mex., 1:658, 659; pl. 27, figs. 6, 6a (shell) — Von Martens, 1898; Biol. Centr. Amer.: 341.

Succinea carmenensis Fischer & Crosse. Bequaert & Clench, 1933; Pub. Carnegie Inst. Wash., (431): 537 — Richards, 1937; Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 77: 225, pl.4, fig. 5 (shell) — Goodrich & van der Schalie, 1937: 31 — Rehder, 1966; Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 79: 283.

TYPE LOCALITY — Isla de Carmen, Campeche.

DISTRIBUTION REORDS — GUATEMALA, Dept. Petén (Goodrich & van der Schalie, 1937). CAMPECHE: Isla de Carmen. QUINTANA ROO: arid swamp a few mi. N of San Miguel, Cozumel Island (Richards, 1937); Tulum (Rehder, 1966). YUCATAN: Santa Ana, nr. Calcehtok; Chichen Itza (Bequaert & Clench, 1933).

Succinea clarionensis Dall, 1926

Succinea clarionensis Dall, 1926; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4) 15: 485-486; pl.35, fig. 2 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Clarion Island; 1040 ft. alt. Holotype CAS 2209.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — NAYARIT: known only from the type locality.

Succinea colorataFischer & Crosse, 1878

Succinea colorata Fischer & Crosse, 1878; Miss. Sci. Mex., 1:657; pl. 27, figs. 5, 5a, 5b (shell) — Von Martens, 1898; Biol. Centr. Amer.: 336.

TYPE LOCALITY — Tabasco.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — TABASCO: San Juan Bautista (Von Martens, 1898).

Succinea cordovanaFischer & Crosse, 1878

Succinea undulate var. cordovana Fischer & Crosse, 1878; Miss. Sci. Mex., 1:658; pl. 27, figs. 7, 7a.

Succinea salleana var. cordovana Von Martens, 1898

TYPE LOCALITY — Cordoba, Veracruz.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — VERACRUZ: known only from the type locality.

Succinea costaricensisVon Martens, 1898

Succinea costaricensis Von Martens, 1898; Biol. Centr. Amer.: 338; pl. 19, fig. 6 (shell) — Villalobos, C., J. Monge-Najera, Z. Barrientos & J. Franco, 1995; Rev. Boil. Trop., 43: 181-186.

TYPE LOCALITY — Not specified.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — COSTA RICA, Prov. San José: San José and at La Palma, 1161-1600 m alt. (Von Martens, 1898). Prov. Puntarenas: Savana de Guacimo, in the valley of the Rio Brus; thermal springs of Djiri Durunia, valley of the Rio Diquis, 900 m alt. (Von Martens, 1898).

Succinea globispiraVon Martens, 1898

Succinea globispira Von Martens, 1898; Sitzungs-Berichte der Gesllschaft naturforschenden Freude zu Berlin: 158 — Von Martens, 1901; Biol. Central Amer.: 641; pl. 44, fig. 12 (shell) — Dall, 1900; Proc. Acad. Nat. Si. Phila., 52: 97.

TYPE LOCLAITY — Cocos Island.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — COSTA RICA: Cocos Island (von Martens, 1901).

Succinea guadelupensis Dall, 1900

Succinea (rusticana Gould var.) guadelupensis Dall, 1900: 102-103; pl. 8, fig. 12 (shell).

Succinea guadelupensis Dall — Pilsbry, 1927; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4), 16: 171-172 — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 840; fig. 455: I (shell) — Smith, Miller, Christensen & Roth, 1990; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 47: 128.

TYPE LOCALITY — Guadalupe Island, Baja California Norte. Holotype in the USNM.

DISTRIBUTION — BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE: Known only from Guadalupe Island (Smith, et al, 1990).

Succinea guatemalensisMorelet, 1849

Succinea guatemalensis Morelet, 1849; Test Noviss., I: 16 — Fischer & Crosse, 1878: 667; pl. 26, figs. 11,11a (shell) — Von Martens, 1898; Biol. Centr. Amer.: 337; pl. 19, fig. 9 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1920; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 72: 6 — Pérez & López, 2002: 111-112, fig. (map).

TYPE LOCALITY — On banks of small streams, Cd. Guatemala, Guatemala.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — COSTA RICA, Prov. Cartago: Turrialba (Von Martens, 1898); Juan Viñas (Pilsbry, 1920). Prov. Puntarenas: Turubares; Rio de las Cascadas, at the foot of the Great Fall, valley of the Rio Diquis (Von Martens, 1898). NICARAGUA: Pacific versant, common (Pérez & López, 2002). GUATEMALA, Dept. Alta Verapaz: Panzos (Von Martens, 1898). Dept. Sacatepequez: Antigua (Von Martens, 1898).

Succinea haustrellum Rehder, 1942

Succinea haustrellum Rehder, 1942; Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 33: 350; fig. 19 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Pedernal, Guanacaste Prov., Costa Rica; 200 m. alt. Holotype USNM 536013.

DISTRIBTION RECORDS — COSTA RICA. Prov. San José.: San José (Rehder, 1942).

Succinea hortulanaMorelet, 1851

Succinea hortulana Morelet, 1851; Test. Noviss., II: 14 — Fischer & Crosse, 1878; Miss. Sci. Mex., 1:668; pl. 26, figs. 12, 12a (shell) — Von Martens, 1898; Biol. Centr. Amer.: 334-335.

TYPE LOCALITY — Adhering to wall in gardens, Suburbs of Cd. Guatemala, Guatemala.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — GUATEMALA, Dept. Sacatepequez: Antigua.

Succinea lutosaPilsbry, 1926

Succinea lutosa Pilsbry, 1926; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 78: 102-103; fig. 26 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Alhajuela, Canal Zone, Panama. Holotype ANSP 141010a (H. B. Baker, 1963: 215).

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — PANAMA, Taboga Island; Prov. Panama: Panama City (Pilsbry, 1926).

Succinea mcgregoriPilsbry, 1898

Succinea mcgregori Pilsbry, 1898; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 50: 354; text-fig. (shell) — H. B. Baker, 1963; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 115: 215.

TYPE LOCALITY — Clarion Island, Revillagegido Islands, Nayarit. Lectotype 72770a (H. B. Baker, 1963: 215).

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — NAYARIT: known only from the type locality/

Succinea panamensisPilsbry, 1920

Succinea panamensis Pilsbry, 1920; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 71: 218; pl. 11, fig. 4 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1926; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 78: 103; text-fig. 27 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1930; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 82: 351.

TYPE LOCALITY — Las Cascades, Canal Zone, Panama. Holotype ANSP 48522a (H. B. Baker, 1963: 215)

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — PAMAMA, Canal Zone: Las Cascades (Pilsbry, 1926).

Succinea panucoensisPilsbry, 1910

Succinea panucoensis Pilsbry, 1910; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 61: 546; text-fig. 6 (shell). — H. B. Baker, 1963; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 115: 215.

TYPE LOCALITY — “Alligator” Lake, San Luis Potosi. Lectotype ANSP 99504a (H. B. Baker, 1963: 215).

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — SAN LUIS POTOSI: Pujal; Lago de Catamas (Pilsbry, 1910). TAMAULIPAS: Tampico (Pilsbry, 1910).

Succinea pueblensisFischer & Crosse, 1878

Succinea pueblensis Fischer & Crosse, 1878; Miss. Sci. Mex.; 669; pl. 26, figs. 15-15c (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Neighborhood of Puebla [City], Puebla.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — PUEBLA: known only from the type locality.

Succinea recisaMorelet, 1851

Succinea recisa Morelet, 1851; Test. Noviss., II: 14 — Fischer & Crosse, 654; pl. 26, figs. 13, 13a — Tate, 1859; Amer. Jour. Conch., 5: 158 — Von Martens, 1898; Biol. Centr. Amer.: 339-340 — Pilsbry, 1910; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 62: 503 — Pilsbry, 1920; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 72: 6 — Richards, 1938; Proc. Amer. Philo. Soc., 79: 173 — Pérez & López, 2002: 113-114, map.

TYPE LOCALITY — Under bark of trees, around Lago de Izabal, Dept. Izabal, Guatemala.

DISTRIBTION RECORDS — PANAMA (Tate, 1859). Canal Zone: Las Cascades (Pilsbry, 1910). COSTA RICA, Prov. Cartago: Juan Viñas (Pilsbry, 1920). NICARAGUA, Pacific versant, common (Pérez & López, 2002). Dept. Matagalpa: Matagalpa (Von Martens). Dept. Rio San Juan: near the Rio San Juan (Von Martens, 1898). Region Autonoma Atlantico Sur: Corn Island (Richards, 1939). HONDURAS, Roatan Island: between Coxen Hole and French Harbor; West End (Richards, 1938). GUATEMALA, Dept. Sacatepequez: Antigua (Von Martens, 1898).

Succinea rusticana Gould, 1846

Succinea rusticana Gould, 1846; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 2: 187 — Pilsbry, Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 824-825; fig. 446a-d (shell) — Smith, Miller, Christensen & Roth, 1990; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 47: 128.

TYPE LOCALITY — Oregon.

DISTRIBUTION — Pacific coast region from Alaska south to Baja California Norte (Roth & Sadeghian, 2006). BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE: Ojos Negros, in a slow stream through meadows (Smith, et al, 1990). BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Sierra Laguna (Smith, et al, 1990).

Succinea socorroensis Dall, 1926

Succinea socorroensis Dall, 1926; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4) 15: 486; pl. 35, fig. 1 (shell)

TYPE LOCALITY — On the north slope of Mount Evermann, Socorro Island; 2800 ft. alt. Holotype CAS 2210.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — NAYARIT: known only from the type locality.

Succinea undulate undulataSay, 1829

Succinea undulata Say, 1829; New Harmony Disseminator of Useful Knowledge, 2: 230 — Fischer & Crosse, 1878; Miss. Sci. Mex., 1:656; pl. 27, figs. 4, 4a, 4b (shell) — Von Martens, 1898; Biol. Centr. Amer.: 335-336.

TYPE LOCALITY — Mexico.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — GUANAJUATO: Irapuato (Von Martens, 1898). JALISCO: Sayula (Von Martens, 1898). MEXICO.

Succinea undulata morchiDunker, 1889

Succinea undulata morchi Dunker, 1889, in Paetel, Catalog Conchyl. Sammlung., 2: 366 — Von Martens, 1898; Biol. Centr. Amer.: 336; pl. 19, fig. 8 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Zimapan, Hidalgo.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — HIDALGO: known only from the type locality.

Succinea virgata virgataVon Martens, 1865

Succinea virgata Von Martens, 1865; Malak. Blätter, 12: 50; pl. 1, figs. 6, 7 (shell) — Von Martens, 1898; Biol. Centr. Amer.: 334; pl. 19, fig. 4 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1904; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 55: 776.

TYPE LOCALITY — Veracruz.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — OAXACA. PUEBLA: Paso de Macho; Tehuacan (Von Martens, 1898). VERACRUZ: Sierra de Atoyac (Von Martens, 1898); Texolo (Pilsbry, 1904).

Succinea virgata hogeanaVon Martens, 1898

Succcinea virgata hogeana Von Martens, 1898; Biol. Centr. Amer.: 334; pl. 19, fig. 5 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Oaxaca.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — OAXACA: known only from the type locality.

Succinea virgata microspiraVon Martens, 1898

Succinea virgata var. β Fischer & Crosse,1878; Miss. Sci. Mex., 1: 659; pl. 27, figs. 3, 3a, 3b (shell).

Succinea virgata microspira Fischer & Crosse, Von Martens, 1898; Biol. Centr. Amer.: 334 — H. B. Baker, 1930; Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., (220): 5.

TYPE LOCALITY — Puebla.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — PUEBLA: Necaxa (H. B. Baker, 1930).

Superfamily ACHATINELLOIDEA

Family TORNATELLINIDAE Cooke and Kondo, 1961

Genus Tornatellinides Pilsbry, 1910

Tornatellinides Pilsbry, 1910; Nautilus, 23: 123.

TYPE SPECIES — Tornatellina simplex Pease.

DISTRIBUTION — Japan, Formosa, Polynesian Islands, Australia, Hawaii, Galapagos island, Revillogigedo Islands.

TAXONOMY — Two subgenera are recognized. The typical subgenus occurs on the Revillogigedo Islands off the Pacific Coast of Nayarit. The genus contains numerous species. Two species occur in the study area.

Tornatellides mexicana Dall, 1926

Tornatellides mexicana Dall, 1926; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4) 15: 484-485; pl. 35, fig. 6 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — On the south slope of Mt. Evermann, Socorro Island, Revillogigedo Islands, Nayarit; 2000-2800 ft. alt. Holotype CAS 2207.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — NAYARIT: known only from the type locality on Socorro Island.

Tornatellides clarionensisDall, 1926

Tornatellides clarionensis Dall, 1926; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4) 15: 485; pl. 35, fig. 9 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Clarion Island, Revillogigedo Islands, Nayarit; 1040 ft. alt. Holotype CAS 2209.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — NAYARIT: known only from the type locality on Clarion Island.

Superfamily COCHLICOPOIDEA

Family COCHLICOPIDAE Pilbry, 1900

Genus Cochlicopa Férussac, 1821

Cochlicopa Férussac, 1821; Tableaux Systematiques des Animaux Mollusques: 24.

Cionella Jeffreys, 1829; Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 16: 347. Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 1045-1047.

TYPE SPECIES — Helix lubrica Müller, 1774.

DISTRIBUTION — Holarctic in occurrence.

TAXONOMY — Four species are recognized in North America (Hubricht, 1985: 6). One occurs in Mexico.

Cochlicopa lubrica(Müller, 1774)

Helix lubrica Müller, 1774; Verm. Hist.: 104.

Cochlicopa lubrica (Müller). Pilsbry & Johnson, 1898; Nautilus, 11: 127 — Pilsbry, 1908; Man. Conch., 19: 312 — Hubricht, 1985: 6; map 24.

Cionella lubrica (Müller). Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 1047-1049; figs. 560a, 560b (shell) — Pilsbry, 1953; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 105: 165.

TYPE LOCALITY — Denmark.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Holarctic realm; widespread in North America (Hubricht, 1985). CHIHUAHUA: about 8-9 km W of Colonia Juarez; talus of cliff on the Rio Piedras Verdes, about 3.6 km below Pacheco, 5900 ft. alt.; Sierra de la Breña, 17.5 km from Pearson, on road to Pacheco, 7000 ft. alt. (Pilsbry, 1953). NUEVO LEON: near the Hacienda Pablillo (Pilsbry, 1953)

Superfamily PUPILLOIDEA

Family STROBILOPSIDAE Wenz, 1915

Genus Strobilops Pilsbry, 1893

Strobila Morse, 1856; Jour. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1: 26 (not Strobila Sars, 1835; not Strobila Sodoffsky, 1837).

Strobilops Pilsbry, 1893; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 44: 403 (substitute name for Strobila Morse) — Pilsbry, 1927; Man. Conch., 28: 12, 56-58 — Zilch, 1959: 177.

TYPE SPECIES — Helix labyrinthica Say, 1817.

DISTRIBUTION — North America south to Brazil, Galapagos Islands, Korea, China and Japan.

TAXONOMY — Five subgenera are recognized. Two subgenera, Strobilops s. s., and Discostrobilops, occur in the study area. A third subgenus from the Cayman Islands, Coelostrobilops, is included in this list because of its geographic proximity to Central America.

Subgenus Strobilops Pilsbry, 1893

DISTRIBUTION — North America, Mexico, Central America, south to Brazil.

TAXONOMY — Twelve species are recognized. Seven species occur in the study area.

Strobilops aenea mexicanaPilsbry, 1927

Strobilops aenea mexicana Pilsbry, 1927; Man. Conch., 28; 32-33; pl. 5, figs. 9-13 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1953; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 105: 165 — Correa-Sandoval, Gutierrez & Reza, 1998; Acta Zool. Mex., (73): 14.

TYPE LOCALITY — Diente, near Monterey, Nuevo Leon. Holotype ANSP 77194a.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — NUEVO LEON: Diente; Monterey; along the Rio Maurisco, ca. 25 km S of Monterey (Pilsbry, 1953). PUEBLA: Necaxa (Pilsbry, 1927). SAN LUÍS POTOSÍ: 6 km NW of Xilitla; 830 m alt. (21°23’10” N, 99°03’56” W); Las Pozas; 580 m alt. (21°24’23” N, 99°00’00” W); 0.3 km NW of Las Pozas; 600 m alt. (21°24’38” N, 99°00’15” W) (Correa-Sandoval, et al, 1998).

Strobilops californicaMiller & Christensen, 1980

Strobilops californica Miller & Christensen, 1980; Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 93: 593-596; figs. 1a-c (shell) — Smith, Miller, Christensen & Roth, 1990; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 47: 111; fig. 15 (map).

TYPE LOCALITY — La Laguna, Sierra de la Victoria, along slope above creek immediately behind La Laguna shelter, Baja California Sur; 6500 ft. alt. Holotype USNM 799595.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: known only from the type locality.

Strobilops hannaiPilsbry, 1931

Strobilops hannai Pilsbry, 1931; Man. Conch., 28: 59-60; pl. 16, figs. 3, 3a, 5 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Socorro Island, Revillogegido Islands, Nayarit. Holotype ANSP 256587a.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — NAYARIT: known only from the type locality.

Strobilops piraticaPilsbry, 1930

Strobilops piratica Pilsbry, 1930; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 82; 257; pl. 19, figs. 9-11 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1931; Man. Conch., 28: 58-59; pl. 13, figs. 8, 9, 10, 11 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — On the summit of the ridge north of High Peak, Old Providence Island, Colombia. Holotype ANSP 150860.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — OLD PROVIDENCE ISLAND, COLOMBIA: known only from the type locality.

Strobilops salvini(Tristram, 1863)

Helix salvini Thristram, 1863; Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 411.

Strobila salvini (Tristram). Von Martens, 1892; Biol. Cent. Amer.: 174; pl. 10, figs. 1-1c (shell).

Strobilops salvini (Tristram). Pilsbry, 1927; Man. Conch., 28: 37-39; pl. 4, figs. 1 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Mountain forests of northern Guatemala, [Dept. Alta Verapaz].

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — GUATEMALA: known only from the type locality.

Strobilops strebeli strebeli(Pfeiffer, 1862)

Helix strebeli Pfeiffer, 1862; Malak. Blätter, 8: 31; pl. 1, figs. 5-8 (shell).

Strobilops strebeli (Pfeiffer). Pilsbry, 1927; Man. Conch., 28: 33-34; pl. 5, figs. 1-4 (shell).

Strobila labyrinthica (Say). Strebel, 1880: 43; pl. 4, fig. 6 (shell) — Von Martens, 1892; Biol. Cent. Amer.: 173.

TYPE LOCALITY — Mirador, Veracruz.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — VERACRUZ: Mirador; environs of Veracruz (Strebel, 1880).

Strobilops strebeli guatemalensisHinkley, 1920

Strobilops strebeli guatemalensis Hinkley, 1920; Nautilus, 34: 52 — Pilsbry, 1927; Man. Conch., 28: 34-35, 60; pl. 5, figs. 5, 6, 7, 8 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — In beach debris of Lago de Izabal, Jocolo, Dept. Izabal, Guatemala. Holotype ANSP 9272a.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — GUATEMALA, Dept. Izabal: known only from the type locality.

Strobilops veracruzensisveracruzensis Pilsbry, 1927

Strobila labyrinthica Strebel, 1880: 44; pl. 4, fig. 6 (shell) (not Helix labyrinthica Say, 1817).

Strobilops veracruzensis Pilsbry, 1927; Man. Conch., 28: 35-36; pl. 4, fig. 6 (shell); pl. 9, figs. 1, 2, 3 (shell) (new name for Helix labyrinthica Strebel).

TYPE LOCALITY — Neighborhood of Veracruz.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — VERACRUZ: known only from the type locality.

Strobilops veracruzensis crosseiPilsbry, 1927

Helix strebeli Pfeiffer. Fischer & Crosse, 1872: 267; pl. 12, figs. 7a. 7b (shell) (not Helix strebeli Pfeiffer, 1862).

Strobilops veracruzensis crossei Pilsbry, 1927; Man. Conch., 28: 36-37; pl. 9, figs. 4, 4a (shell) (new name for Helix strebeli Fischer & Crosse).

TYPE LOCALITY — Mirador, Veracruz.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — VERACRUZ: known only from the type locality.

Subgenus Coelostrobilops Pilsbry, 1931

Coelostrobilops Pilsbry, 1931; Man. Conch., 28; 60.

TYPE SPECIES — Strobilops wenziana Pilsbry, 1930.

DISTRIBUTION — Grand Cayman Island.

TAXONOMY — A single species is recognized.

Strobilops wenzianaPilsbry, 1930

Strobilops wenziana Pilsbry, 1930; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 82: 238; pl. 19, figs. 1-7 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1931; Man. Conch., 28: 60-62; pl. 13, figs. 1-7 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — About midway between North Sound and Red Bay, Grand Cayman Island. Holotype ANSP 150861.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — GRAND CAYMAN ISLAND: known only from the type locality.

Subgenus Discostrobilops Pilsbry, 1927

Discostrobilops Pilsbry, 1927; Man. Conch., 28: 18, 46 — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 865 — Morrison, 1953; Nautilus, 65: 55.

TYPE SPECIES — Helix hubbardi A. D. Brown, 1861.

DISTRIBUTION — Gulf coastal plains from Mexico northeast to Georgia and Florida, Bermuda, Cuba, Jamaica and the Bahamas Islands; Northwest Mexico, Sonora (?).

TAXONOMY — Three extant species are recognized. Two occur in Mexico.

Strobilops (Discostrobilops) hubbardi (A. D. Brown, 1861)

Helix hubbardi A. D. Brown, 1861; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.: 333; text-fig. (shell).

Strobilops (Discostrobilops) hubbardi (Brown). Pilsbry, 1927; Man. Conch., 28: 47-48; pl. 7, figs. 1, 2, 3 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 865-868; figs. 1-9 (shell) — Correa-Sandoval, Gutierrez & Reza, 1998: 14 — Correa-Sandoval & Castro, 2002; Acta Zool. Mex., (86): 236.

Helix vendryesiana Gloyne, 1872; Jour. de Conchyl., 19: 333.

Strobilops hubbardi (Gloyne). Gulick, 1904; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 56: 413 — Hinkley, 1907; Nautilus, 21: 76 — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Mollusca of North America, 2: 865-868; figs. 468, 1-9 (shell).

Strobilops hubbardi vendryesiana (Gloyne). Pilsbry, 1931; Man. Conch., 28: 48-50; 7, figs. 4-12 (shell); pl. 8, figs. 1-9 (shell).

Strobilops hubbardi stevensoni Pilsbry, 1899; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51: 404.

TYPE LOCALITIES — Helix hubbardi: Indianola, Calhoun Co., Texas; holotype ANSP 124. Helix vendryesiana: Jamaica. Strobilops hubbardi stevensoni: mangrove swamp, Biscayne Bay near State Agricultural Station, Miami, Florida.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — The Gulf coastal plains from northeastern Mexico to Florida and Georgia; Jamaica, Cuba, Bimini Island and Bermuda. SAN LUÍS POTOSÍ: Valles (Pilsbry, 1931); km 48 on rd. from Cd. Valles to Agua Buena; 900 m alt. (21°52’55” N, 99°22’06” W); Cascadas de Tamasopo; 430 m alt. (21°56’05” N, 99°25’00” W); Las Abritas, 5 km E of El Naranjo; 840 m alt. (22°33’24” N, 99°22’22” W); 6 km. SW of Xilitla; 830 m alt. (21°23’10” N, 99°03’56” W); Las Cascadas, Tamasopo (21°56’05” N, 99°25’00” W) (Correa-Sandoval, et al, 1998). TAMAULIPAS: river drift, Tampico (Hinkley, 1907); nr. Gomez Farias (23°00’00” N, 99°09’18” W); Salto El Tigre, Santa Engracia (23°58’51” N, 99°16’53” W) (Correa-Sandoval & Castro, 2002).

Strobilops(Discostrobilops) sinaloa Morrison, 1953

Strobilops (Discostrobilops) sinaloa, Morrison, 1953; Nautilus, 67; 54-55; pl. 2, figs. 4, 5, 6 (shell) — Miller & Christensen, 1980; Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 93: 595.

TYPE LOCALITY — Sinaloa ?. Holotype USNM 592719.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — SINALOA: known only from the type locality. It is questionable about whether this species actually came from Sinaloa (Morrison, 1953).

Family VALLONIIDAE Morse, 1864

Genus Vallonia Risso, 1820

Vallonia Risso, 1820; Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., 4: 101 — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 1019-1023.

TYPE SPECIES — Vallonia rosalia Risso, 1826 (= Helix costata Müller, 1774).

DISTRIBUTION — North America, Europe and North Africa, northern and central Asia, Japan.

TAXONOMY — Twenty-five species are recognized (Pilsbry, 1948). One occurs naturally in Mexico.

Vallonia perspecivaSterki, 1892

Vallonia perspeciva Sterki, 1892; Nautilus, 6: 77 — Sterki, 1893; in Pilsbry, Man. Conch, 8: 257; pl. 33, figs. 39-45 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 1033-1034; fig. 553 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1953; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 105: 165.

TYPE LOCALITY — Woodville, Jackson Co., Alabama.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Widespread across temperate North America, barely entering northern Mexico. CHIHUAHUA: Sierra de la Breña, 11 mi. from Pearson, on rd. to Pacheco, 7000 ft. alt.; in cliff talus along the Rio Piedras Verdes, 8-9 km W of Colonia Juarez; on the Rio Piedras Verdes, 3¼ km E of Pacheco (Pilsbry, 1953).

Family VERTIGINIDAE Stimpson, 1851

Fifty (51) species and nine subspecies occur in the study area.

Subfamily TRUNCATELLININAE Steenberg, 1925

Genus Columella Westerlund, 1878

Columella Westerlund, 1878; Fauna Europaea …, 2: 193 — Pilsbry, 1926; Man. Conch., 27: 232—233.

Sphaeradium Westerlund, 1887; Fauna Palearctischen Region Binnenconchylien, 3: 125 (not Sphaeradium as limited by Von Martens, 1860).

Edentulina Clessin, 1876 (not Edentulina Pfeiffer, 1855).

TYPE SPECIES — Pupa edentula Draparnaud, 1805.

DISTRIBUTION — The Palearctic region; North America as far south as Nicaragua, Hawaii.

TAXONOMY — About ten species are recognized. Four occur in North America and Central America. One is known from the study area.

Columella polvonense (Pilsbry, 1894)

Pupa polvonense Pilsbry, 1894; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 46: 31; pl. 1, fig. 11.

Sphaeradium polvonense Pilsbry, 1904; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 55: 769.

Columella polvonensis (Pilsbry). Pilsbry, 1926; Man. Conch., 27: 246; pl. 31, fig. 9 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Polvón, Dept. Chinandega, Nicaragua. Holotype ANSP 5096.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — NICARAGUA: known only from the type locality.

Subfamily PUPILLINAE Turton, 1831

Genus Chaenaxis Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1906

Chaenaxis Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1906; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 58: 145 — Pilsbry, 1916; Man. Conch., 24: 1 — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 916 — Bequaert & Miller, 1973: 172.

TYPE SPECIES — Bifidaria tuba Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1906.

DISTRIBUTION — Arizona, Sonora.

TAXONOMY — A single species is recognized.

Chaenaxis tubaPilsbry & Ferriss, 1906

Bifidaria tuba Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1906; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 58: 145; fig. 6 (shell).

Chaenaxis tuba (Pilsbry & Ferriss). Pilsbry, 1916; Man. Conch., 24: 2; pl. 9, figs. 1, 2, 3 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 917-919; figs. 496; figs. 497: 1, 2, 3 (shell) — Branson, McCoy & Sisk, 1964; Southwestern Naturalist, 9: 104 — Bequaert & Miller, 1973: 172-176 — Naranjo-Garcia, 1991: 168.

Bifidaria tuba intuscostata Clapp, 1908; Nautilus, 22: 76, 96; pl. 7, figs. 1-11 (shell).

Chaenaxis intuscostata (Clapp). Pilsbry, 1916; Man. Conch., 24: 3; pl. 9, figs. 6-9 (shell).

Chaenaxis intuscostata form brevicostata Pilsbry, 1916; Man. Conch., 24: 4; pl. 6, figs. 4, 5 (shell).

Chaenaxis sonorensis Pilsbry, 1953; Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., 105: 163-164; pl. 9, figs. 8, 8a (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Bifidaria tuba: drift debris of the San Pedro River, one mile east of Benson, Arizona; holotype ANSP 87062. Bifidaria tuba intuscostata: foothills of the Plomos Range, about 8 miles east of Quartzite, Yuma County, Arizona; holotype Carnegie Museum 5769. Chaenaxis intuscostata form brevicostata: Tempe, Arizona; holotype ANSP 48527. Chaenaxis sonorensis: lower slopes of hills on south side of the Rio Sonora, about 0.75 km south of Hermosillo, Sonora; 900 ft. alt. Holotype ANSP 167627.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — SONORA: drift of the Rio Magdalena, Magdalena; northern foothills of Cerro Zapoxa, E of Cd. Obregon (Pilsbry, 1953); drift of Rio de Bavispe, 21 mi. E of Agua Prieta Sierra (ca. 31º N, 109º20’ W) (Branson, et al, 1964); Cochor, nr. Guaymas (ca. 28º N, 110º50’ W); Sierra de Magdalena, N of Magdalena, 3650 ft. alt. (ca. 30º45’ N, 111º W); Sierra del Santo Niño, N of Mina del Milagro, on rd. to Sahuaripa, 5000 ft. alt. (29º N, 109º30’ W); drift of Rio Sonoyta, Sonoyta, 1500 ft. alt. (31º30’ N, 112º50’ W) (Bequaert & Miller, 1973); Batamote (28º57’10” N, 109º32’ W); Cerro La Mona, 21 km E of Manzanillo (29º02’54” N, 110º39’23” W); Sierra El Viejo (30º24,1’ N, 112º22.5’ W); Rancho Tres Marias, W of Alamo (27º06’57” N, 109º09’18” W); Cerro Prieto, ca. 1.5 km W of Ejido 18 de Agosto (31º14.5’ N, 109º16.2’ W); Sierra El Pinito, ca. 12.8 km W of Aribabi (30º52’20” N, 110º43’10” W); Arroyo El Oro, ca. 0.3 km from Cerro de Oro on rd. to Rayon (29º36.8’ N, 110º36.8’ W); Sierra El Viejo (30º18.7’ N, 112º20.2’ W) (Naranjo-Garcia, 1991).

Genus Pupilla Leach, 1828

Pupilla Leach, in Fleming, 1828; British Animals: 268 — Pilsbry, 1921; Man. Conch., 26: 152.

TYPE SPECIES — Pupa marginata Draparnaud, 1801 (= Pupa muscorum Linnaeus, 1758).

DISTRIBUTION — Temperate North America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia.

TAXONOMY — Five subgenera are recognized. Two occur in the study area.

Subgenus Pupilla Leach, 1828

DISTRIBUTION — Temperate North America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia.

TAXONOMY — About thirty species are recognized. One species occurs in the study area.

Pupilla(Pupilla) hebes (Ancey, 1881)

Pupa hebes Ancey, 1881; Le naturaliste, 3: 389.

Pupilla hebes (Ancey). Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1911; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 63: 197.

Pupilla (Pupilla) hebes (Ancey). Pilsbry, 1921; Man. Conch., 26: 164-167; pl. 18., figs. 1-4 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 936-939; figs. 503: 1-4 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1953; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 105: 164 — Bequaert & Miller, 1973: 180-181 — Smith, Miller, Christensen & Roth, 1990; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 47: 107.

Pupa arizonensis Gabb, in Binney, 1885; Man. Amer. land shells: 173.

Pupilla muscorum idahoensis Henderson & Daniels, 1917; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 69: 57.

Pipilla hebes nefas Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1910; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 62: 135.

TYPE LOCALTIY — Pupa hebes: White Pine, White Pine Co., Nevada.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Washington, Idaho and Wyoming south to New Mexico and Arizona, and extreme northwestern Mexico. BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE: Sierra San Pedro Martir 2.2 mi. below astronomical observatory, 2700-2800 m alt.; rockslide in a ravine 1.3 km below astronomical observatory, 2700-2800 m alt. (Smith, et al, 1990). CHIHUAHUA: Sierra de la Breña, 17.5 km from Peason on rd. to Pacheco, 7000 ft. alt; along the Rio Piedras Verdes, 3.5 km below Pacheco (Pilsbry, 1953).

Subgenus Striopupilla Pilsbry, 1921

Striopupilla Pilsbry, 1921; Man. Conch., 26: 153.

TYPE SPECIES — Pupa sterkiana Pilsbry, 1890.

DISTRIBUTION — Baja California Norte.

TAXONOMY — Three species are recognized. All occur in the study area.

Pupilla (Stiopupilla) goniodon Pilsbry, 1927

Pupilla goniodon Pilsbry, 1927; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4) 16: 172; pl. 7, fig. 3 (shell) — Smith, Miller, Christensen & Roth, 1990; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 47: 107-108.

TYPE LOCALITY — Northwest Anchorage, Guadalupe Island, Baja California Norte. Holotype CAS 2574.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE: Isla Guadalupe; Isla San Benito del Oeste (Smith, et al, 1990).

Pupilla (Stiopupilla) guadalupensis Pilsbry, 1927

Pupilla guadalupensis Pilsbry, 1927; Proc. Calif. Cad. Sci, (4) 16: 173-174; pl. 7, figs. 1, 2 (shell).

Pupilla (Striopupilla) guadalupensis Pilsbry — Smith, Miller, Christensen & Roth, 1990; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 47: 108.

TYPE LOCALITY — 1000 feet above Northeast Anchoraga, Guadalupe Island, Lower California. Holotype CAS 2575.

DISTRIUTION RECORDS — BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE: known only from Isla Guadalupe (Smith, et al, 1990).

Pupilla(Striopupilla) sterkiana (Pilsbry, 1890)

Pupa sterkiana Pilsbry, 1890; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 41: 411; pl. 2, figs. 2, 3 (shell).

Pupilla (Striopupilla) sterkiana (Pilsbry). Pilsbry, 1921; Man. Conch., 26: 156; pl. 19, figs. 16, 17. — Baker, 1963; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 115: 202 — Smith, Miller, Christensen & Roth, 1990; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 47: 107.

TYPE LOCALITY — San Ramon, Lower California. Lectotype ANSP 60466a (Baker, 1963: 202).

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE: San Ramon; along ocean beach N and S of Bahia San Quintin; W coast of San Quintin Peninsula, W of Winton Hill; Ensenada (Smith, et al, 1990).

Subfamily NEASOPUPINAE Steenberg, 1925

DISTRIBUTION — Madeira, South Africa, Australia, Oceania, southern North America south to Brazil.

TAXONOMY — Seven genera are recognized. Four genera occur in the study area.

Genus Bothriopupa Pilsbry, 1898

Bothriopupa Pilsbry, 1898; Nautilus, 11: 119 — Pilsbry, 1917; Man. Conch., 24: 235 — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 1010-1011.

TYPE SPECIES — Pupa variolosa Gould, 1848.

DISTRIBUTION — Northern South America, Florida, the Greater Antilles and Guatemala.

TAXONOMY — About eight species are recognized. Five are recorded from the study area.

Bothriopupa breviconusPilsbry, 1917

Bothriopupa breviconus Pilsbry, 1917; Man. Conch., 24: 230; pl. 28, figs. 9, 10 (shell) — Hinkley, 1920; Nautilus, 34: 44.

TYPE LOCALITY — Mountains west of Livingston, Dept. Izabal, Guatemala. Holotype ANSP 107534.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS. GUATEMALA, Dept. Izabal: mountains of Rio Cavech, back of Cavech Village (Hinkley, 1920).

Bothriopupa conoidea(Pfeiffer, 1853)

Pupa conoidea Pfeiffer, 1853; Monographia heliciorum Viventium, 3: 533.

Bothriopupa conoidea (Pfeiffer). Pilsbry, 1917; Man. Conch., 24: 231-232; pl. 28, figs. 7, 8, 11 (shell) — Pérez & López, 2002: 96-97, text-fig. (distribution map).

TYPE LOCALITY — Demerara.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Northern South America and Nicaragua. NICARAGUA: common along the Pacific Versant (Pérez & López, 2002).

Bothriopupa leucodon(Morelet, 1851)

Pupa leucodon Morelet, 1851; Testacea novissima, 2: 13 — Fischer & Crosse, 1873; Miss. Sci. Mex. et L’Amer. Cent.: 311; pl. 14, figs. 2a, 2b (shell).

Bothriopupa leucodon (Morelet). Pilsbry, 1917; Man. Conch., 24: 232; pl. 29, figs. 1, 4 (shell) — Goodrich & van der Scahlie, 1937: 30.

TYPE LOCALITY — Salama, Dept. Baja Verapaz, Guatemala.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — GUATEMALA: known only from the type locality; no precise locality (Goodrich & van der Schalie, 1937).

Bothriopupa tenuidens(C. B. Adams, 1841)

Pupa tenuidens C. B. Adams, 1841; Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1845: 15 — Jacobson & Boss, 1973; Occ. Pap. on Moll., 9: 500; pl. 82, fig. 10 (lectotype).

Bothriopupa tenuidens (C. B. Adams). Pilsbry, 1917; Man. Conch., 24: 229-230; pl. 29, figs. 5-7, 11-13 (shell) — Thompson & López, 1996: 49 — Pérez & López, 2002: 98-100; text-fig. (distribution map).

TYPE LOCALITY — Jamaica. Lectotype MCZ 270000 (Jacobson & Boss, 1973: 500).

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Venezuela and Nicaragua. NICARAGUA, Dept. Managua: Lago de Xiloa (12°14’ N, 86°20’ W) (Thompson & López, 1996); common along the Pacific Versant (Pérez & López, 2002).

Bothriopupa variolosa(Gould, 1848)

Pupa variolosa Gould, 1848; Proc. Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist., 3: 40.

Bothriopupa variolosa (Gould). Pilsbry, 1917; Man. Conch., 24: 230; pl. 29, figs. 2, 3 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 1011-1012; figs. 539 (shell) — Bequaert & Clench, 1936; Pub. Canegie Inst. Wash., (457): 65.

TYPE LOCALITY — Florida.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Recorded from Florida and Yucatan. YUCATAN: Chotch Cenote, 2 mi. NE of Piste (Bequaert & Clench, 1936).

Genus Pupisoma Stoliszka, 1873

Pupisoma Stoliszka, 1873; Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 42: 32 — Pilsbry, 1920; Man. Conch., 26: 19 — Baker, 1927; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 79: 223 (anatomy) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 1006.

TYPE SPECIES — Pupisoma lignicola Stoliszka, 1873.

DISTRIBUTION — Burma, India, South Africa, Japan, Sri Lanka, Penang, India, Indonesia, Australia, New Caledonia, Abyssinia, Gulf coastal area of the United States south to southern Brazil.

TAXONOMY — Five subgenera are recognized (Zilch, 1959). One occurs in the study area.

Subgenus Ptychopatula Pilsbry, 1889

Ptychopatula Pilsbry, 1889; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 41: 191 — Pilsbry, 1889; Nautilus, 3: 62 — Zilch, 159: 173.

TYPE SPECIES — Helix caeca Guppy, 1868 (= Pupisoma dioscoricola (C. B. Adams, 1845).

DISTRIBUTION — Tropical and subtropical Africa, Asia, Australia and the Americas.

TAXONOMY — Numerous species. Six species and one subspecies occur in the study area.

Pupisoma(Ptychopatula) bailyi Pilsbry, 1934

Pupisoma (Ptychopatula) bailyi Pilsbry, 1934; Man. Conch., 28: 116; pl. 24, fig. 15 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Cuernovaca, Moreles [Morelos]. Holotype ANSP 156099.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — MORELOS: known only from the type locality.

Pupisoma (Ptychopatula) comicolense Baker, 1927

Pupisoma comicolense Baker, 1927a; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 79: 224-226; pl. 15, fig. 4, 7 (reproductive anatomy), fig. 5 (pallial organs), fig. 6 (radula); shell not described — Baker, 1930a; Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., (220): 3-4; pl. 7, figs. 1, 2 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1928; Nautilus, 41: 144 — Pilsbry, 1934; Man. Conch., 28: 115-116; pl. 15, fig. 6 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 1006; figs. 537; a (radula), c, d (reproductive anatomy), fig. e (pallial organs).

TYPE LOCALITY — Near Necaxa, Puebla. Holotype UMMZ 159752.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — PUEBLA: known only from the immediate vicinity of the type locality (Baker, 1930a).

Pupisoma (Ptychopatula) dioscoricola dioscoricola (C. B. Adams, 1845)

Helix dioscoricola C. B. Adams, 1845; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 2: 16 — Jacobson & Boss, 1963; Occ Baker, 1963; Proc. Acad. Nat. Si. Phils., 115: 201. Pap. On Moll., 9: 346, 516; pl. 90, fig. 11 (lectotype).

Helix punctum Morelet, 1851; Test. Noviss., II: 9.

Helix caeca Guppy, 1868; Proc. Sci. Assos. Trinidad: 241 — Fischer & Crosse, 1872: 228; pl. 12, figs. 1a, 1b (shell).

Pupisoma dioscoricola (Adams). Pilsbry, 1920; Man. Conch., 26: 36-39; pl. 4, figs. 1-5 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1926; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 78: 133 — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 1007-1008; figs. 538: 1-5 (shell) — Thompson, 1967; Bull. Fla. St. Mus., 11: 232 — Thompson & López, 1996; Amer. Malac. Bull., 13: 49 — Pérez & López, 2002: 100-102, text-fig. (distribution map).

TYPE LOCALITIES — Helix dioscoricola: Dublin Castle, Graywick, Jamaica; lectotype MCZ 275929 (Jacobson & Boss, 1973: 516). Helix punctum: Merida, Yucatan. Helix caeca: Trinidad.

DISTRIBTION RECORDS — Florida and southern Texas to Brazil, Galapagos Islands. PANAMA, Prov. Panama: Juan Mina (Pilsbry, 1926). NICARAGUA, Dept. Managua: Lago de Xiloa (12°14’ N, 86°20’ W) (Thompson & López, 196); common along the Pacific versant (Pérez & López, 2002). CAMPECHE: 11.4 mi. E of Cayal; Cd. de Carmen (Thompson, 1967). QUINTANA ROO: 7.1 mi. NNW of Xiatil (Thompson, 1967). TABASCO: Cardenas (Thompson, 1967). YUCATAN: Tikul; 0.8 mi. NE of Becanchen (Thompson, 1967).

Pupisoma (Ptychopatula) dioscoricola insigne Pilsbry, 1920

Pupisoma dioscoricola insigne Pilsbry, 1920; Man. Conch., 26: 39-40; pl. 4; fig. 6, 7, 8 (shell) — Baker, 1923a; 3 — Baker, 1925a: 2 — Baker, 1930a; Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., (220): 2 — Bequaert & Clench, 1936; Pub. Canegie Inst. Wash., (457): 65 — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 1008; figs. 538: 6, 7, 8 (shell) — Basch, 1959; Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., (612): 12 — Correa-Sandoval & Rodriguez, 2005; Acta Zool. Mex., 21: 59.

TYPE LOCALITY — Brownsville, Texas. Holotype ANSP 109013.

DISRIBUTION RECORDS — Eastern Mexico south to Venezuela. GUATEMALA, Dept. Peten: Tikal (Basch, 1956). NUEVO LEON: numerous localities in southern part of state (Correa-Sandoval & Rodriguez, 2005). PUEBLA: Necaxa (Baker, 1930a). SAN LUIS POTOSI: Valles River falls; Ganina River; Choy River Cave (Pilsbry, 1920). VERACRUZ: Coatotolapan (Baker, 1923a). YUCATAN: Izamal (Pilsbry, 1920); Santa Ana Cenote, Villadolid (Bequaert & Clench, 1936).

Pupisoma (Ptychopatula) mediamericanum Pilsbry, 1920

Pupisoma mediamericanum Pilsbry, 1920; Man. Conch., 26: 42-43; pl. 4, figs. 16, 17 (shell) — Baker, 1927a; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 79: 223-224; pl. 15, fig. 1 (reproductive anatomy), fig. 2 (pallial organs), fig. 3 (jaw) — Baker, 1930a; Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., (220): 4 — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 1009; figs. 538: 16, 17 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Chama, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Holotype and paratypes ANSP 28270; syntypes ANSP 45727.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — GUATEMALA; known only from the type locality. PUEBLA: Necaxa (Baker 1927a). VERACRUZ: 500 ft. above Orizaba (Pilsbry, 1920); Peñuela; Sumidero, 2625-3400 ft. alt. (Baker, 1930a).

Pupisoma (Ptychopatula) michoacanensis Pilsbry, 1920

Pupisoma michoacanensis Pilsbry, 1920; Man. Conch., 26: 40; pl. 4, fig. 12 — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 1009; fig. 538: 12 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Morelia, Michoacán. Holotype ANSP 77119.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — MICHOACÁN: known only from the type locality.

Pupisoma (Ptychopatula) minus Pilsbry, 1920

Pupisoma minus Pilsbry, 1920; Man. Conch., 26: 40-41; pl. 4, figs. 9, 11 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 1009-1010; figs. 538: 9-11 — Naranjo-Garcia, 1991; Amer. Malac. Bull., 8: 168 — Pérez & López, 2002: 103-104; text-fig. (distribution map) — Correa-Sandoval & Rodriguez, 2005; Acta Zool. Mex., 21: 59.

TYPE LOCALITY — Snapper Creek, south of Coconut Grove, Dade County, Florida. Holotype ANSP 113390.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — NICARAGUA, Dept. Boaco; Dept. Chinandega; Dept. Rivas (Pérez & López, 2002). GUATEMALA, Dept. Alta Verapaz: Chama (Pilsbry, 1920). NUEVO LEON: Parque Vitro, nr. Laguna de Sanchez (25°23’24” N, 100°12’57” W) (Correa-Sandoval & Rodriguez, 2005). SONORA: Cerro de Oro, 0.25 mi. from Cerro de Oro, on rd. to Rayon, 600 m alt. (29°36.8’N, 110°37.8’ W) (Naranjo-Garcia, 1991).

Genus Nesopupa Pilsbry, 1900

Nesopupa Pilsbry, 1900; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 52: 432 — Pilsbry & Cooke, in Pilsbry, 1920; Man. Conch., 25: 274.

TYPE SPECIES — Pupa tantilla Gould, 1847.

DISTRIBUTION — Pacific Islands, Oriental and Ethiopian regions, St. Helena Island.

TAXONOMY — Eleven subgenera are recognized. One subgenus occurs in the study area.

Subgenus Cocopupa Pilsbry & Cooke, 1920

Cocopupa Pilsbry & Cooke, 1920; Man. Conch., 25: 323.

TYPE SPECIES — Vertigo cocosensis Dall, 1900.

DISTRIBUTION — Cocos Island, Costa Rica.

TAXONOMY — A single species is known.

Nesopupa(Cocopupa) cocosensis (Dall, 1900)

Vertigo cocosensis Dall, 1900; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 52: 98, pl. 8, fig. 13 (shell).

Nesopupa (Cocopupa) cocosensis (Dall). Pilsbry & Cooke, in Pilsbry, 1920; Man. Conch., 25: 323-324; pl. 30, figs. 10, 11 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Cocos Island, Costa Rica.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — COSTA RICA, Cocos Island: known only from the type locality.

Genus Sterkia Pilsbry, 1898

Sterkia Pilsbry, 1898; Nautilus, 11: 119 — Pilsbry, 1920; Man. Conch., 26: 49 — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 1012-1013.

TYPE SPECIES — Pupa calamitosa Pilsbry, 1889.

DISTRIBUTION — California south to Baja California Sur; northern South America, Guatemala, the West Indies and south Florida.

TAXONOMY — Two subgenera are recognized. The genus includes six species, all of which occur in the study area.

Subgenus Sterkia Pilsbry, 1898

DISTRIBUTION — Southern California and Baja California Norte.

TAXONOMY — Two species are recognized. Both occur in Baja California Norte.

Sterkia(Sterkia) calamitosa calamitosa (Pilsbry, 1889)

Pupa calamitosa Pilsbry, 1889; Nautilus, 3: 61; pl. 1, fig. 7 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1890; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 41: 411; pl. 12, fig. 16 (shell).

Sterkia calamitosa (Pilsbry). Pilsbry, 1920; Man. Conch., 26: 57; pl. 7, figs. 1-4 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 1013-1014; figs. 540: 1-4 (shell) — Smith, Miller, Christensen & Roth, 1990; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 47: 110, fig. 14 (distribution map).

TYPE LOCALITY — Near the mouth of the Rio San Tomas. Holotype ANSP 11602.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS. BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE: Ensenada de Todos Santos (Pilsbry, 1948); hills W of Bahia San Quintin (Smith, et al, 1990).

Sterkia(Sterkia) calamitosa martiniana Pilsbry, 1927

Sterkia (Sterkia) calamitosa martiniana Pilsbry, 1927; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4): 16: 186; pl. 12, fig. 2 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1934; Man. Conch., 28: 110; pl. 15, fig. 4 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 1014 — Smith, Miller, Christensen & Roth, 1990; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 47: 110, fig. 14 (distribution map).

TYPE LOCALITY — Isla San Martin, Baja California Norte.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE: Isla San Martin.

Sterkia(Sterkia) hemphilli (Sterki, 1890)

Pupa hemphilli Sterki, 1890; Nautilus, 4: 27, 39; pl. 1, fig. 6 (shell).

Sterkia (Sterkia) hemphilli (Sterki). Pilsbry, 1920; Man. Conch., 26: 55; pl. 7, figs. 5-8, 11, 12 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1927; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4): 16: 187 — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 1013; figs. 540: 5-8, 11, 12 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Banks of the Rio San Tomas, Baja California Norte. Holotype Carnegie Museum 62.20384.

DISTRIBUTION REDORDS — Southern California south to Baja California Norte. BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE: Ensenada de Todos Santos; W shore of Bahia san Quintin; Punta Abreojos (Smith, et al, 1990)).

Subgenus Metasterkia Pilsbry, 1920

Metasterkia Pilsbry, 1920; Man. Conch., 26: 50 — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 1014.

TYPE SPECIES — Sterkia antilliensis Pilsbry, 1920.

DISTRIBUTION — Northern South America, the West Indies, Florida, Guatemala and Baja California Norte.

TAXONOMY — Four species are recognized. All occur in the study area.

Sterkia(Metasterkia) antillensis Pilsbry, 1920

Sterkia (Metasterkia) antillensis Pilsbry, 1920; Man. Conch., 26: 53-54; pl. 6, figs. 8-11 (shell) — Pérez & López, 2002: 105-107; pl. 15 (shell); text-fig. (distribution map).

TYPE LOCALITY — El Abra, Viñales Prov., Cuba.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Cuba, Jamaica, Venezuela and Nicaragua. NICARAGUA, common along the Pacific versant (Pérez & López, 2002).

Sterkia(Metasterkia) bakeri Pilsbry, 1921

Sterkia bakeri Pilsbry, 1921; Man. Conch, 26: 236; pl. 24, figs. 1, 2, 3 (shell) — Baker, 1923a: 3 — Baker, 1963; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 115: 200.

TYPE LOCALITY — Hacienda de Coatotolapan, between the Rio San Juan and its tributary the Arroyo Hueyapan, Canton de Acayucan, Veracruz. Lectotype ANSP 141375 (baker, 1963: 200).

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — VERACRUZ: known only from the type locality. Holotype in the UMMZ.

Sterkia(Metasterkia) eyriesii eyreisii (Drouet, 1859)

Pupa eyriesii Drouet, 1859; Essai sur les mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la Guyane Française: 71; pl. 2, figs. 16a, 17 (shell).

Sterkia (Metasterkia) eyriesii eyreisii (Druuet). Pilsbry, 1920; Man. Conch., 26: 61-62; pl. 6, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5 (shell) — Goodrich & van der Schalie, 1937; Misc. Pub. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., (34): 30 — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 1018; fig. 542: 1, 2, 4, 5 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Ilet-la-Mère, Guyana.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — French Guyana, Surinam, Trinidad and Guatemala. GUATEMALA, no precise locality (Goodrich & van der Schalie, 1937). Dept. Alta Verapaz: Chamá (Pilsbry, 1920).

TAXONOMY — Two subspecies are recognized. Sterkia eyriesii rhoadsi Pilsbry, 1920, occurs in Florida.

Sterkia (Metasterkia) clementina (Sterki, 1890)

Pupa clementina Sterki, 1890; Nautilus, 4: 44; pl. 1, fig. 1 (shell).

Bifidaria clementina oldroydi Vanatta, 1916; Nautilus, 30: 48.

Sterkia clementina (Sterki). Pilsbry, 1920; Man. Conch., 26: 54; pl. 7, figs. 9, 10, 13 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1927; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4) 16: 176 — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 1014, 1016; figs. 540: 9, 10, 13 (shell) — Smith, Miller, Christensen & Roth, 1990; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 47: 110.

TYPE LOCALITY — Northeast Anchorage, Isla Guadalupe, Baja California Norte. Holotype Carnegie Museum 62.20392.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE: Northeast Anchorage, Isla Guadalupe.

Subfamily PUPOIDINAE Iredale, 1940

DISRIBUTION — Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, Hawaii and North America

TAXONOMY — Three extant genera are recognized.

Genus Pupoides Pfeiffer, 1854

Pupoides Pfeiffer, 1854; Malacologische Blätter, 1: 102 — Pilsbry, 1921; Man. Conch., 26: 108, 138 — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 921-922.

Leucochila Von Martens, 1860; Die Heliceen: 205.

Leucochiloides Pfeiffer, 1978; Nomenel. Helic. Viv.: 292.

TYPE SPECIES — Pupoides: Bulimus nitidulus Pfeiffer, 1839. Leucochila: Cyclostoma marginata Say, 1821. Leucochiloides: Bulimus lardeus Pfeiffer, 1852.

DISTRIBUTION — All continents.

TAXONOMY — Four subgenera are recognized. Two occur in the study area. Three species occur in the study area.

Subgenus Pupoides Pfeiffer, 1854

DISTRIBUTION — North America, northern Asia, Europe and North Africa.

TAXONOMY — A large number of species have been named. Seven occur in North America, two of which are found in the study area.

Pupoides (Pupoides) albilabris (C. B. Adams, 1841)

Cyclostoma marginata Say, 1821; Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2: 172 (not Cyclostoma marginatus G. Fischer, 1807).

Pupoides maerginatus Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1900; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 52: 586 — Pilsbry, 1904; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 55: 766 — Pilsbry, 1921; Man. Conch., 26: 111; pl. 12, figs. 1-7 (shell).

Pupa fallax “Say” Gould, 1843; Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., 4: 357.

Pupa albilabris C. B. Adams, 1841; Amer. Jour. Sci., 40: 271. (new name for Cyclostoma marginata Say).

Pupoides albilabris (C. B. Adams, 1841). Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 921-923; figs. 499: 1-7. (shell) — Pilsbry, 1953; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 105: 164 — Bequaert & Miller, 1973: 78-79, 176-177 — Smith, Miller, Christensen & Roth, 1990; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 47: 108; fig. 12 (map) — Naranjo-Garcia, 1991: 168.

TYPE LOCALITY — “Upper Missouri”.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Widely distributed in North America. BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE: Isla Angel de la Guardia; Isla San Lorenzo (Smith, et al, 1990). BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: numerous localities (Smith, et al, 1990). SINALOA: Rio Fuerte, San Blas (Pilsbry, 1953). SONORA: Rio Mayo, at Navajo; Rio Yaqui, 11 mi. N of Cajeme; Cerro Zaporxa, E of Cameje; Arroyo San Rafael, San Bernardo (Pilsbry, 1953); N end of Sierra El Viejo, 550 m alt. (30º25.41’ N, 112º22.5’ W); SW part of Sierra El Viejo, 500 m alt. (30º23.8’ N, 112º36.6’ W); Arroyo Cerro de Oro, ca. 0.25 mi. from Cerro de Oro, on rd. to Rayon, 600 m alt. (29º36.8’ N, 110º37.8’ W) (Naranjo-Garcia, 1991). CHIHUAHUA: Presa Chihuahua, 7 mi. from Cd. Chihuahua (Bequaert & Miller, 1973). NUEVO LEÓN: Topo Chico, nr. Monterey (Pilsbry, 1904). TAMAULIPAS: Tampico (Pilsbry, 1948); drift of Rio Purificación, 24 mi. W of Padilla (Bequaert & Miller, 1973).

Pupoides (Pupoides) catalinensis Hanna, 1923

Pupoides catalinensis Hanna, 1923; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 12: 514; pl. 10, figs. 1-4 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1926; Man. Conch., 27: 249-250; text-fig. 17 (shell) — Smith, Miller, Christensen & Roth, 1990; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 47: 108; map fig. 12.

TYPE LOCALITY — Santa Catalina Island, Baja California Sur.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: known only from Santa Catalina Island (Smith, et al, 1990).

Subgenus Ischnopupoides Pilsbry, 1926

Ischnopupoides Pilsbry, 1926; Man. Conch., 27: 250 — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 924.

TYPE SPECIES — Bulimus cordatus Pfeiffer, 1856.

DISTRIBUTION — SW United States, western Mexico and Bolivia.

TAXONOMY — Three species are recognized. One occurs in the study area.

Pupoides(Ischnopupoides) cordatus (Pfeiffer, 1856)

Bulimus cordatus Pfeiffer, 1856; malak. Blätter, 3: 46.

Pupa cordata (Pfeiffer). Binney & Bland, land and freshwater shells of North America, 1: 241; fig. 418 (shell).

Pupoides (Pupoides) cordatus (Pfeiffer). Von Martens; 1893: 330 — Pilsbry, 1921; Man. Conch., 26: 119-120; pl. 11, figs. 14, 15 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITY — Mazatlan, Sinaloa.

DISRIBUTION RECORDS — SINALOA: known only from the type locality.

Subfamily GASTROCOPTINAE Pilsbry, 1918

DDISRIBUTION — Australia, Africa, North and South America, Asia, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, and Oceania.

TAXONOMY — A single extant genus, Gastrocopta, is recognized. Two South American genera are referred questionably to the subfamily.

Genus Gastrocopta Wollaston, 1878

Gastrocopta Wollaston, 1878; Testacea Atlantica …: 515 — Pilsbry, 1916; Man. Conch., 24: 6-12.

Leucochilus Boettger, 1881; Conchologische Mittheilungen, 1: 64 (not Leucochila Von Martens, 1860).

Bifidaria Sterki, in Pilsbry, 1891; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 43: 315.

Eubifidaria Sterki, 1893; Nautilus, 6: 101.

TYPE SPECIES — Gastrocopta: Pupa acarus Benson, 1856. Leucochilus: Pupa armifera Say, 1821. Bifidaria: Pupa servilis Gould, 1843. Eubifidaria: “Pupa hordeacea Gabb” of Sterki, = Bifidaria cristata Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1900.

DISTRIBUTION — Worldwide.

TAXONOMY — Nine subgenera are recognized (Zilch, 1959: 160-162).

Subgenus Gastrocopta Wollaston

DISRTIBUTION — Tropical and warm portions of America, Africa, Mascarene Island, Sri Lanka and the Philippines.

TAXONOMY — Numerous species. Four occur in the study area.

Gastrocopta(Gastrocopta) cristata (Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1900)

Bifidaria procera cristata Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1900; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 52: 595; pl. 22, figs. 4, 5 (shell).

Gastrocopta (Gastrocopta) cristata (Pilsbry & Vanatta). Pilsbry, 1916; Man. Conch., 24: 68-69; pl. 13, figs. 6, 8-12 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 911, 913; figs. 493: 6, 8-12 — Branson, McCoy & Sisk, 1964; S.W. Nat., 9: 104 — Bequaert & Miller, 1973: 169-170.

TYPE LOCALITY — Camp Verde, Yavapai County, Arizona; 3200 ft. Alt. (Bequaert & Miller, 1973).

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, west Texas, New Mexico and Arizona and adjacent NW Mexico. BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE. SONORA: drift of Rio Bevispe, 21 mi. S of Agua Prieta; drift of Rio Yaqui, 4 mi. N of Cd. Obregon (Branson, et al, 1964); drift of Rio Sonoyta, Sonoyta (Bequaert & Miller, 1973).

Gastrocopta (Gastrocopta) pellucida hordeacella (Pilsbry, 1890)

Pupa hordeacella Pilsbry, 1890; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 44; pl. 1, figs. f-k (shell) — Hinkley, 1907; Nautilus, 21: 78.

Bifidaria pellucid hordeacella (Pilsbry). Pilsbry, 1904; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 55: 766.

Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella (Pilsbry) — Pilsbry, 1916; Man. Conch., 24: 78-80; pl. 17, figs. 1-4; pl. 16 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 913-915; figs. 494: a-d; figs. 495 (Shell) — Basch, 1959; Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., (612): 12.

Bifidaria hordeacella parvidens Sterki, 1899; Nautilus, 12: 128.

Gastrocopta pellucida parvidens (Sterki). Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 916; fig. 494: c) — Hanna, 1923; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4), 13: 515.

Pupa pellucida Pfeiffer, 1841. Fischer & Crosse, 1873; Miss. Sci. Mex., I: 311 — Strebel, 1880: 91 — Von Martens, 1898: 328 (in part).

Gastrocopta pellucida (Pfeiffer). Hinkley, 1920; Nautilus, 34: 52 — Rehder, 1966; Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 79: 383 — Thompson, 1967; Bull. Fla. St. Mus., 11: 231 — Bequaert & Miller, 1973: 79-81 — Naranjo-Garcia, 1991; Amer. Malac. Bull., 8: 167-168 — Correa-Sandoval, 1993; Rev. Biol. Trop., 41: 675 — Correa-Sandoval, Gutierrez & Reza, 1998; Acta Zooll. Mex., (73): 134 — Correa-Sandoval, 2000; Acta Zool. Mex., (79): 8 — Correa-Sandoval, & Castro, 2002; Acta Zool. Mex., (86): 235 — Thompson & López, 1996; Amer. Malac. Bull., 13: 49 — Pérez & López, 2002: 88-91; (distribution map in Nicaragua) — Correa-Sandoval & Rodriguez, 2005; Acta Zool. Mex., 21: 59.

TYPE LOCALITIES — Pupa pellucida: Cuba (Pilsbry, 1916). Pupa hordeacella: New Braunfels, Texas; holotype and paratypes ANSP 60460. Bifidaria hordeacella parvidens: around Jerome, Yavapai County, Arizona; syntypes in the Carnegie Museum.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Widely distributed in the West Indies, Mexico and Guatemala. Bequaert & Miller (1973) state that the species apparently has a continuous distribution over Mexico. NICARAGUA, Dept. Managua: Lago de Xiloa (12°14’ N, 86°20’ W) (Thompson & López, 1996); abundant records from the Pacific versant (Pérez & López, 2002). GUATEMALA, Dept. Alta Verapaz: Chama (Hinkley, 1920). Dept. Baja Verapaz: Salama. Dept. Guatemala: Barranca de Villalobos, nr. Cd. Guatemala. Dept. Peten: Tikal (Basch, 1959). Dept. Sacatepequez: Antigua, 4500 ft. alt. (Von Martens, 1898). BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: numerous localities (Smith, et al, 1990). CAMPECHE: 7.1 mi. SW of Cd. Camopeche; 8.1 mi. SW of Champoton (Thompson, 1967). NUEVO LEON: numerous records for southern part of state (Correa-Sandoval & Rodriguez, 2005). QUINTANA ROO: Tulum (Rehder, 1966). SAN LUIS POTOSI: Cd. Valles (Pilsbry, 1916); numerous localities (Correa-Sandoval, et al, 1998). SONORA: numerous localities (Naranjo-Garcia, 1991). TABASCO: San Juan Bautista (Von Martens, 1898). TAMAULIPAS: Cd. Victoria (Pilsbry, 1916); Tampico (Hinkley, 1907). YUCATAN: Sisal; Merida (Fischer & Crosse, 1873); 1.0 mi. SSE of Telchac; 0.8 mi. NE of Becanchen (Thompson, 1963). VERACRUZ: Antigua (Pilsbry, 1916); Veracruz (Strebel, 1880); Rancho El Sol, Naranjos (21°20’00” N, 97°43’16” W) Carr. 1 km NE of Tuxpan, km 234 (20°49’11” N, 97°30’00” W) (Correa-Sandoval, 1999).

TAXONOMY — Recognition of Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella (Pilsbry, 1890) as a valid subspecies is controversial. Bequaert & Miller (1973) synonymised both hordeacella and parvidens with Gastrocopta pellucida pellucida (Pfeiffer, 1941). Later, Smith, et al, 1990, resurrected hordeacella as a distinct subspecies. Bifidaria hordeacella parvidens (Clapp, 1899) is a synonym of hordeacella. I follow these authors by assigning all mainland populations to hordeacella.

Gastrocopta(Gastrocopta) riograndensis (Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1900)

Bifidaria riograndensis Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1900; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 52: 596.

Gastrocopta (Gastrocopta) riograndensis (Pilsbry & Vanatta). Pilsbry, 1916; Man. Conch., 24: 69-70; pl. 12, figs. 9, 10 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 914; figs. 492: 9, 10 (shell) — Thompson, 1967; Bull. Fla. St. Mus., 11: 231 — Neck, 1980; Veliger, 23: 180-182 — Smith, Miller, Christensen & Roth, 1990; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 47: 106.

Bifidaria procera (Gould). Hinkley, 1907; Nautilus, 21: 77.

TYPE LOCALITY — Lower Rio Grande valley, river drift at Hidalgo, Hidalgo Co., Texas. Holotype ANSP 60137.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Southwest Texas, northern Mexico. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Juncalito (Smith, et al, 1990). CAMPECHE: 8.1 mi. SW of Chamopoton (Thompson, 1967). SAN LUIS POTOSI: falls below Cd. Valles; canyon below Los Canoas (Pilsbry, 1916). TAMAULIPAS: Panuco River Valley, Tampico (Hinkley, 1907; Pilsbry, 1916). YUCATAN: 1.0 mi. SSE of Puerto Techac (Thompson, 1967).

TAXONOMY — The identity of specimens from Baja California Sur is uncertain (Smith, et al, 1990).

Gastrocopta(Gastrocopta) servilis (Gould, 1843)

Pupa servilis Gould, 1843; Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., 4: 356; pl. 16, fig. 14 (shell).

Pupa pellucida Pfeiffer (in part). Strebel, 1880: 91; pl. 4, fig. 19; pl. 15, fig. 10 (shell) — Von Martens, 1893; Biol. Cent. Amer.: 328.

Gastrocopta (Gastrocopta) servilis (Gould). Pilsbry, 1916; Man. Conch., 24: 70-74; pl. 14, figs. 4, 5, 6, 7 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1926; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 78: 133 — Rehder, 1966; Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 79: 283 — Thompson, 1967; Bull. Fla. St. Mus., 11: 231 — Thompson & López, 1996; Amer. malac. Bull., 13: 48 — Pérez & López, 2002: 93-95 (text-fig. distribution map).

TYPE LOCALITY — Matanzas, Cuba.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Generally distributed throughout the West Indies, including Bermuda; scattered records in Central America and Mexico. PANAMA, Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Island. Prov. Panama: Juan Mina (Pilsbry, 1926). NICARAGUA: Bluefields; abundant along the Pacific versant (Pérez & López, 2002). GUATEMALA, Dept. Sacatepequez: Antigua. Dept. Baja Verapaz: Salama. Dept. Guatemala: Barranca de Villalobos, nr. Cd. Guatemala. CAMPECHE: Isla de Carmen (Pilsbry, 1916). MORELOS: Yautepec. QUINTANA ROO: Tulum (Rehder, 1966). VERACRUZ: Veracruz, on the beach (Strebel, 1880). YUCATAN: Merida (Pilsbry, 1916).

Subgenus Albinula Sterki, 1892

Albinula Sterki, 1892; Nautilus, 6: 101 — Pilsbry, 1916; Man. Conch., 24: 13-14 — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 874.

TYPE SPECIES — Pupa contracta Say, 1822.

DISTRIBUTION — Eastern North America.

TAXONOMY — Six species are recognized. One occurs in the study area.

Gastrocopta (Albinula) contracta contracta (Say, 1822)

Pupa contracta Say, 1822; Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 2: 374 — Pilsbry, 1891; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 43: 315.

Bifidaria contracta (Say). Pilsbry, 1904; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 55: 766 — Hinkley, 1907; Nautilus, 21: 78.

Gastrocopta (Albinula) contracta contracta (Say). Pilsbry, 1916; Man. Conch., 24: 22-23; pl. 2, figs. 9-12 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 880-881; figs. 474: 9-12 — Pilsbry, 1953; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 105: 161 — Correa-Sandoval, Gutierrez & Reza, 1998: 14.

TYPE LOCALITY — Occoquan, Virginia.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Eastern North America from Ontario west to Manitoba and south to Florida and Veracruz; Cuba and Jamaica. MORELOS: Yautepec (Pilsbry, 1891, 1904). NAYARIT: drift debris of Rio Fuerte, San Blas (Pilsbry, 1953). NUEVO LEON: on Rio Marisco, ca. 25 km S of Monterey (Pilsbry, 1953). SAN LUÍS POTOSÍ: Cascadas de Tamasopo, 430 m alt. (21°56’05” N, 99°25’00” W); Carr. Tamuín-San Vicente, 3 km after x-sec. to El Chote, 80 m alt. (21°52’51” N, 98°40’31” W); Río Coy, carr. to Cd. Valles, 170 m alt. (21°45’36” N, 98°57’22” W); 15.5 km NE of Tamazunchale, 140 m alt. (21°12’26” N, 98°53’25” W); Río Moctezuma, Tamazunchale (21°15’21” N, 98°48’56” W) (Correa-Sandoval, et al, 1998). SONORA: Arroyo San Rafael, San Bernardo (Pilsbry, 1953). TAMAULIPAS: Tampico (Hinkley, 1907). VERACRUZ: Texolo; nr. Orizaba (Pilsbry, 1904).

Subgenus Geminidens Pilsbry, 1930

Geminidens Pilsbry, 1930; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 82: 351 — Zilch, 1959: 160.

TYPE SPECIES — Bothriopupa geminidens Pilsbry, 1917.

DISTRIBUTION — Venezuela, Trinidad and Panama.

TAXONOMY — The subgenus includes a single species.

Gastrocopta(Geminidens) geminidens (Pilsbry, 1917)

Bothriopupa geminidens Pilsbry, 1917; Man. Conch., 24: 228-229; pl. 28, figs. 12, 13, 14 (shell) — Baker, 1963; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 115: 201.

Gastrocopta geminidens (Pilsbry). Pilsbry, 1926; Man. Conch., 27: 228.

Gastrocopta (Geminidens) geminidens (Pilsbry). Pilsbry, 1930; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 80: 351 — Haas, 1960: 13 — Thompson & López, 1996: 49 — Pérez & López, 2002: 83-88; distribution map.

TYPE LOCALITY — Cariaquita, [Estado Sucre], Venezuela. Holotype ANSP 105200a (Baker, 1963: 201).

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Known from Panama, Venezuela, Margarita Island and Trinidad. PANAMA, Prov. Panama: Old Panama City (Pilsbry, 1930). COSTA RICA: Dept. Guanacaste (Pérez & López, 2002). NICARAGUA, Dept. Managua: Lago de Xiloa (12°14’ N, 86°20’ W) (Thompson & López, 1996); Dept. Chontales; Dept. Masaya; Dept. San Juan del Rio (Pérez & López, 2002).

Subgenus Immersidens Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1900

Immersidens Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1900; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 52: 606.

TYPE SPECIES — Bifidaria ashmuni 1898.

DISTRIBUTION — Central Plateau of North America south to Brazil and Argentina.

TAXONOMY — The subgenus contains numerous species. Seven species and one subspecies occur in the study area.

Gastrocopta(Immersidens) allyni Roth & Christensen, 1984

Gastrocopta (Immersidens) allyni Roth & Christensen, 1984; Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 97: 245-250; figs. 1, 2 (shell), fig. 3 (distribution map) — Smith, Miller, Christensen & Roth, 1990; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 47: 106; fig. 10 (distribution map).

TYPE LOCALITY — In drift, arroyo 24 km south of La Paz, Baja California Sur. Holotype CAS 32993.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: southern tip of peninsula, numerous locality records (Smith, et al, 1990).

Gastrocopta (Immersidens) ashmuni (Sterki, 1898)

Bifidaria ashmuni Sterki, 1898; Nautilus, 12: 90 — Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1906; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 58: 144.

Gastrocopta (Immersidens) ashmuni (Sterki). Pilsbry, 1916; man. Conch., 24: 41-44; pl. 6, figs. 5, 6, 7; text-figs. 13a-c (shell) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 896-898; figs. 483: 5-7; figs. 484a-c (shell). Branson, McCoy & Sisk, 1964: 104 — Bequaert & Miller, 1973: 159-163 — Naranjo-Garcia, 1991: 166-167 — Correa-Sandoval & Rodriguez, 2005: 59.

TYPE LOCALITY — Santa Rita Mountains, on east slope of range, 20 miles west of Crittenden, Santa Cruz County, Arizona (Bequaert & Miller, 1973: 159).

DISRIBUTION RECORDS — CHIHUAHUA: Rio Piedras Verdes, ca. 9 km above Colonia Juarez (ca. 30º15’ N, 108º W) (Pilsbry, 1953); Presa Chihuahua, 7 mi. S of Cd. Chihuahua, 4800 ft. alt. (28º35’ N, 106º05’ W). NUEVO LEON: km 66, rd. from Linares to San Roberto (24º45’22” N, 100º02’18” W); rd. from Linares to Dr. Arroyo (24º31’05” N, 99º58’55” W) (Correa-Sandoval & Rodriguez, 2005). SONORA: Rio Nacozari, 7 mi. S of Nacozari (Branson et al, 1964); nr. Nacozari, 3550-4200 ft. alt.; Nogales; Sierra de Santo Niño, N of Mina El Milagro, on rd. to Sahuaipa, 4000 t. alt. (ca. 29º N, 109º30’ W); nr. Magdalena, 3650-4250 ft. alt. (ca. 30º5’ N, 111º W); nr. Zocozari, 3550-4000 ft. alt. (ca. 30º N, 110º W); Rancho Pinos Altos, Sierra Nacori, 5800 ft. alt. (29º45’N, 108º30’W) (Bequaert & Miller, 1973); Sierra Las Minitas, 1400 m alt. (31º11.1’ N, 109º04.7’ W); slope above arroyo, along Rayon-Cerro de Oro rd., ca. 4.2 mi. from Cerro de Oro (29º38.9’ N, 110º36.6’ W); S edge of Sierra El Pinito, ca. 10.1 km W of Aribabi (30º52.7’ N, 110º42.7’ W); Sierra Batamote, Mina El Milagro (29º57’10” N, 109º32’ W); SW end of Sierra Los Embudos (31º11.8’ N, 109º05.2’ W) (Naranjo-Garcia, 1991).

Gastrocopta(Immersidens) cochisensis (Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1910)

Bifidaria cochisensis Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1910; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 62: 139; figs. 32, 33 (shell).

Gastrocopta (Immersidens) cochisensis (Pilsbry & Ferriss). Pilsbry, 1916; Man. Conch., 24: 44-46; pl. 6, figs. 1-4, 8 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 899-900; figs. 483: 1-4, 8; fig. 486 (shell) — Bequaert & Miller, 1973: 163-164.

TYPE LOCALITY — Tanner Canyon [now Garden Canyon], Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Holotype and paratypes ANSP 97444.

DISRIBUTION RECORDS — CHIHUAHUA: Rio Piedras Verdes, below Pacheco, 5900 ft. alt.; Sierra de la Breña, ca. 17.5 mi. from Mata Ortiz, on rd. to Pacheco, 7000 ft. alt. (Pilsbry, 1953). SINALOA: Rio Fuerte, San Blas (Pilsbry, 1953). SONORA: arroyo, 8 km S of Guaymas (Pilsbry, 1953).

Gastrocopta(Immersidens) dalliana dalliana (Sterki, 1898)

Bifidaria dalliana Sterki, 1898; Nautilus, 12: 91.

Gastrocopta dalliana (Sterki). Pilsbry, 1916; Man. Conch., 24: 49; pl. 8, figs. 10, 11 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 901-902; fig. 488 (shell).

Gastrocopta (Immersidens) dalliana dalliana (Sterki). Branson, McCoy & Sisk, 1964: 104 — Bequaert & Miller, 1973: 165-167 — Naranjo-Garcia, 191: 167.

Gastrocopta dalliana media Pilsbry, 1916; Man. Conch., 24: 50; pl. 8, figs. 10-11 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITIES — Bifidaria dalliana: Ephraim Canyon, Nogales, Santa Cruz County, Arizona; 3800 ft. alt. (Bequaert & Miller, 1973). Gastrocopta dalliaa media: Montezuma Wells, near Rimrock, Yavapai County, Arizona; holotype ANSP 82918.

DISRIBUTION RECORDS — CHIHUAHUA: cliff talus on N side of Rio Piedras Verdes, 8-9 km above Colonia Juarez, 5900 ft. alt. (ca. 30º10’ N, 108º10’ W) (Pilsbry, 1953). SONORA: spring-fed march 60 mi. S of Nogales; San Carlos bay, 10 mi. N of Guaymas; S end of Sierra Purico, 6300 ft. alt. (ca. 30º31’ N, 109º45’ W), mountain 5 mi. S of Magdalena, 4250 ft. alt.; NW side of Rio Nacozari, 4200 ft. alt. (ca. 30º35’ N, 111º W) (Bequaert & Miller, 1973); S edge of Sierra El Pinito, ca. 10.1 km W of Aribabi (30º52.7’ N, 110º42.7’ W); N end of range, Sierra El Viejo, 550 m alt. (30º24.1’ N 112º22.5’ W); Rancho Tres Marias, W of Alamo 27º06’56” N, 109º09’18” W); N end of Sierra El Viejo, 500 m alt. (30º23.8’ N, 112º23.6’ W) (Naranjo-Garcia, 1991).

Gastrocopta(Immersidens) dalliana bilamellata (Sterki & Clapp, 1909)

Bifidaria bilamellata Sterki & Clapp, 1909; Nautilus, 22 126; pl. 8, fig. 7 — Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1910; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 62: 143; fig. 36b.

Gastrocopta bilamellata (Sterki & Clapp). Pilsbry, 1916; man. Conch., 24: 51-52; pl. 8, figs. 1-4; text-fig. 18 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 903; fig. 489, figs. 490: 1-4 (shell).

Gastrocopta (Immersidens) dalliana bilamellata (Sterki & Clapp). Bequaert & Miller, 1973: 168-169 — Naranjo-Garcia, 1991: 167.

TYPE LOCALITY — Foothills of Plomosa Range, about 8 miles east of Quartzite, Yuma County, Arizona. Holotype in the Clapp Collection, Carnegie Museum.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Southwest Arizona and northwest Sonora. SONORA: S side of Rio Sonora, nr. Hermosillo, 900 ft. alt. (ca. 29º N, 111º W); Arroya San Rafael, San Bernardo, 900 ft. alt. (ca. 27º25’ N, 108º54’ W); north foothills of Cerro Zaporxa, E of Obregon (ca. 28º N, 109º W); drift in wash W of Pinacate Peak, ca. 45 mi. NW of Sonoyta, 1200 ft. alt. (ca. 31º50’ N, 112º50’ W); drift in Rio Sonoyta, Sonoyta, 1500 ft. alt. (ca. 31º50’ N, 112º50’ W) (Bequaert & Miller, 1973); Cerro El Oro (29º36.8’ N, 110º37.8’ W); SW end of Sierra Los Embudos (31º11,8’ N, 109º05.2’ W) (Naranjo-Garcia, 1991).

Gastrocopta(Immersidens) gularis Thompson & López, 1996

Gastrocopta (Immersidens) gularis Thompson & López, 1996; Amer. Malacological Bulletin, 13: 47-53; figs. 5-8, 15-19, 21, 25 (shell) — Pérez & López, 2002: 86-88; (text-fig, distribution map).

TYPE LOCALITY — Lago de Xiloa, Dept. Managua, Nicaragua (12°14’ N, 86°20’ W). Holotype FLMNH 247775.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS. COSTA RICA, Prov. Guanacaste: Parque Nacional Santa Rosa, banks of the Rio Nisparal (10°48’33” N, 85°39’25” W); 2.5 km N of Estacion Argelia (10°47’50” N, 85°39’15” W); Sendero Guayacan (10°21’02” N, 85°21’08” W) (Thompson & López, 1996). NICARAGUA, Dept. Boaco: Las Canoas (13°13’6: N, 85°52’50” W). Dept. Leon: Lago Asososca (12°26’ N, 86°40’ W). Dept. Managua: Platanal (12°27’15” N, 86°05’34” W); Tamarindo (12°29’30” N, 86°05’25” W). Masaya Dept.: Lago Apoyo (11°55’ N, 86°03’ W). Dept. Matagalpa: Dario (12°43’ N, 86°12’ N) (Thompson & López, 1996). Dept. Chontales; Dept. Masaya; Dept. San Juan del Rio (Pérez & López, 2002).

Gastrocopta(Immersidens) prototypus (Pilsbry, 1899)

Bifidaria prototypus Pilsbry, 1899; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51: 400 — Pilsbry, 1904; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 55: 766; pl.50, figs 7, 7a — Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1910; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 62: 142, fig. 35 — Baker, 1963; Proc. Acad. Nat. Si. Phila., 115: 202.

Gastrocopta (Immersidens) prototypus (Pilsbry). Pilsbry, 1916; Man. Conch., 24: 47-48; pl. 7, figs. 1-5 (shell).

Gastrocopta (Immersidens) prototypus prototypus (Pilsbry). Bequaert & Miller, 1973: 164-165.

Bifidaria cochisensis oligobasodon Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1910; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 62: 141; figs. 34a-c (shell).

Gastrocopta (Immersidens) prototypus basidentata Pilsbry, 1916; Man. Conch., 24: 48; pl. 7, figs. 6, 7 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITIES — Bifidaria prototypus: Huingo, near Lago de Cuitzco, 40 km NW of Morelia, Michoacan (Bequaert & Miller, 1973); Lectotpe ANSP 77201a (Baker, 1963: 202). Bifidaria cochisensis oligobasodon; Ash canyon, SE slope of Huachuca Mountains, Cochis County, Arizona, 5000 ft. alt. (Bequaert & Miller, 1973: 165). Gastrocopta prototypus basidentata: Guatemala City, Guatemala.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Arizona and widely scattered localities south to Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Dept. Guatemala: Cd. Guatemala. JALISCO: Guadalajara (Pilsbry, 1916). MICHOACAN: Huingo.

Gastrocopta(Immersidens) rixfordi Hanna, 1923

Gastrocopta rixfordi Hanna, 1923; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4) 13: 515-516; pl. 10, figs. 5-8 (shell).

Gastrocopta (Immersidens) rixfordi Hanna. Pilsbry, 1926; Man. Conch., 27: 207-208; text-fig. 9 (shell) — Smith, Miller, Christensen & Roth, 1990; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 47: 106-107; fig. 11 (distribution map).

Gastrocopta dalliana dalliana (Sterki). Bequaert & Miller, 1973: 167 (in part; Baja California Sur records).

TYPE LOCALITY — Isla Monserrat, Gulf of California, Baja California Sur. Holotype CAS 1094.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: numerous locality records (Smith, et al, 1990).

Subgenus Privatula Sterki, 1893

Privatula Sterki, 193; Nautilus, 6: 101 — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 893-894.

TYPE SPECIES — Odostomia corticaria Say, 1816.

DISTRIBUTION — Eastern North America from Maine and Ontario west to Minnesota and south to Florida and Louisiana; northeastern Mexico.

TAXONOMY — A single species is recognized.

Gastrocopta (Privatula) corticaria(Say, 1816)

Odostomia corticaria Say, 1816; Nicholson’s American Edition British Encyclopedia, 2: pl. 4, fig. 5 (shell).

Gastrocopta (Privatula) corticaria (Say). Pilsbry, 1916; Man. Conch., 24: 52-53; pl. 10, figs. 1-4 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 894; figs. 480: 1-4 (shell) — Correa-Sandoval, Gutierrez & Reza, 1998: 14.

TYPE LOCALITY — Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Neotype ANSP 64524a (Pilsbry, 1948).

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — SAN LUÍS POTOSÍ: km 82, on rd. from Río Verde-Cd. Valles, 1420 m alt. (21°53’54” N, 99°35’00” W); km 140 on rd. from Cd. del Maíz-Antigua Morelos, 1320 m alt. (22°28’02” N, 99°28’25” W); Las Abritas , 5 km E of El Naranjo, 840 m alt. (22°33’24” N, 99°22’22” W,) (Correa-Sandoval, et al, 1998).

Subgenus Vertigopsis Sterki, 1893

Vertigopsis Sterki, 1893; Nautilus, 6: 101 — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 886.

TYPE SPECIES — Pupa curvidens Gould (= Vertigo pentodon Say, 1821).

DISTRIBUTION — Eastern North America west to Alberta, Canada and Arizona, and south to Nicaragua.

TAXONOMY — The subgenus includes four species. Two occur in the study area.

Gastrocopta(Vertigopsis) pentodon (Say, 1822)

Vertigo pentodon Say, 1821; Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2: 376.

Gastrocopta (Vertigopsis) pentodon (Say). Pilsbry, 1916; Man. Conch., 24: 28-31; pl. 3, figs 2, 3, 5-8; pl. 4; pl. 5, figs. 28-41 (shell) — Hinkley, 1920; Nautilus, 34: 39, 48, 52 — Baker, 1930a: 5 — Goodrich & van der Schalie, 1937: 30 — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 886-889; figs. 477: 2, 3, 5-8 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1953; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 105: 161 — Bequaert & Miller, 1973: 88-90, 157-158 — Pérez & López, 2002: 91-92 — Correa-Sandoval & Rodriguez, 2005: 59.

Bifidaria curvidens (Gould). Pilsbry, 1904; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 55: 766.

TYPE LOCALITY — Pennsylvania.

DISRIBUTION RECORDS — NICARAGUA, Dept. Jinotega; Dept. Leon: Dept. Matagalpa: (Pérez & López, 2002). GUATEMALA, no precise locality (Goodrich & van der Schalie, 1937). Dept. Alta Verapaz: Chama. Dept. Izabal: Jocolo; Quirigua (Hinkley, 1920). CHIHUAHUA: talus of cliffs on Rio Piedras Verdes, ca. 4.5 km below Pacheco (Pilsbry, 1953). NUEVO LEON: on Rio Maurisco; nr. the Hacienda Pablillo, above Galeana, 7800 ft. alt. (Pilsbry, 1953); drift of the Rio Purificación, 24 mi. N of Padillo (Bequaert & Miller, 1973); 0.5 km. W of El Salto (23°56’53” N, 99°45’59” W) (Correa-Sandoval & Rodriguez, 2005). PUEBLA: Necaxa (Baker, 1930a). SAN LUIS POTOSI: blFLMNHfs N of San Dieguito (Pilsbry, 1916). TAMAULIPAS: canyon 4 mi. W of Cd. Victoria (Pilsbry, 1904, 1916).

TAXONOMY — Synonyms that apply to populations outside of the study area are: Pupa curvidens Gould, 1841, Pupa cincinnatiensis Judge, 1878, Pupa floridana Dall, 1885, Pupa montanella Cocherell, 1889 and Pupa curvidens var. gracilis Sterki, 1890 (Pilsbry, 1948); and Pupa tappaniana C. B. Adams, 1842 (Bequaert & Mlller, 1973).

Gastrocopta(Vertigopsis) pilsbryana (Sterki, 1890)

Pupa pilsbryana Sterki, 1890; Nautilus, 3: 123.

Gastrocopta pilsbryana (Sterki). Pilsbry, 1916; Man. Conch., 24: 36-38; pl. 3, figs. 10, 11, 12 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 890-891; figs. 477: 10-1, fig. 478 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1953; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 105: 161 — Branson, McCoy & Sisk, 1964; Southwestern Naturalist, 9: 104. Bequaert & Miller, 1973: 158-159.

Gastrocopta soneri Chamberlin & Jones, 1929; Bull. Univ. Utah, 19: 83; fig. 32 (shell).

Gastrocopta pilsbryana amissidens Pilsbry, 1934; Man. Conch., 28: 112; pl. 24, figs. 5, 6 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 891-893; figs. 478 (shell).

TYPE LOCALITIES — Pupa pilsbryana: from the Colorado River, Arizona; holotype Carnegie Museum 62.20382. Gastrocopta stoneri: Cedar City, Utah. Gastrocopta pilsbryana amissidens: San Francisco Mountains, Arizona; holotype ANSP 161437.

DISRIBUTION RECORDS — Utah, Arizona, New Mexico and trans-Pecos Texas south to northern Mexico. CHIHUAHUA: Sierra la Breña, ca. 17.7 km by rd. from Pearson, on rd. to Pacheco, ca. 7000 ft. alt.; along Rio Piedras Verdes, 4.5 km below Pacheco, 5900 ft. alt. (Pilsbry, 1953). SONORA: (Branson, et al, 1964). TAMAULIPAS: (Bequaert & Miller, 1973).

Subfamily VERTIGININAE Stimpson, 1851

TYPE GENUS — Vertigo Müller, 1774.

TAXONOMY — A single extant genus is recognized (Zilch, 1959: 148-149).

Genus Vertigo Müller, 1774

TYPE SPECIES — Vertigo pusilla Müller, 1774.

DISTRIBUTION — Practically the entire Holarctic Realm from sea level to 10,000 feet altitude (Pilsbry, 1948).

TAXONOMY — Five subgenera are recognized. Three occur in the study area.

Subgenus Vertigo Müller, 1774

DISTRIBUTION — As for the genus.

TAXONOMY — About 80 species are recognized. Three species and three subspecies occur in the study area.

Vertigo(Vertigo) berryi Pilsbry, 1919

Vertigo berryi Pilsbry, 1919; Man. Conch., 25: 89; pl. 6, figs. 10, 13 (shell).

Vertigo (Vertigo) berryi Pilsbry. Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 955; fig. 513: 10, 13 (shell) — Smith, Miller, Christensen & Roth, 1990; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 47: 108-109; fig. 13 (map).

TYPE LOCALITY — Mill Creek canyon, San Bernardino Mountains, California; 4600 ft. alt. Holotype ANSP 105166.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — California and Nevada south to Baja California Norte. BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE: Valle Trinidad (Pilsbry, 1948).

Vertigo(Vertigo) gouldi arizonensis Pilsbry & Vanatta, 190o

Vertigo coloradoensis arizonensis Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1900; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 52: 601; pl. 23, fig. 9 (shell).

Vertigo (Vertigo) coloradoensis arizonensis Pilsbry & Vanatta. Pilsbry, 1919; Man. Conch., 25: 117; pl. 12, figs. 14, 16 (shell).

Vertigo (Vertigo) gouldi arizonensis Pilsbry & Vanatta. Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 975-976; fig. 518: 14, 16 (shell) — Bequaert & Miller, 1973: 186-187.

TYPE LOCALITY — Top of Mingus Mountain, Yavapai Co., Arizona, 7600 ft. alt. Holotype ANSP 119010.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — CHIHUAHUA: Sierra de la Breña, ca. 16 mi. SW of Colonia Juarez (Bequaert & Miller, 1973).

Vertigo(Vertigo) gouldi coloradoensis (Cockerell, 1891)

Pupa coloradoensis Cockerell, 1891; British Naturalist: 100.

Virtigo coloradoensis (Cockerell). Sterki, 1892; Nautilus, 6: 5 — Pilsbry, 1919; Man. Conch., 25: 115.

Vertigo (Vertigo) gouldi coloradoensis (Cockerell). Pilsbry, 1948: Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 974; fig. 518: 13; fig. 522 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1953; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 105: 164 — Bequaert & Miller, 1973: 184-185.

TYPE LOCALITY — Near Swift Creek, Custer Co., Colorado.

DISTRIBUTIN RECORDS — Colorado, Utah and Arizona south to northwestern Mexico. CHIHUAHUA: along the Rio Piedras Verdes, 4.6 km from Pearson, 5900 ft. alt. (Pilsbry, 1953).

Vertigo(Vertigo) gouldi inserta Pilsbry, 1919

Vertigo coloradoensis inserta Pilsbry, 1919; Man. Conch., 25; 118; pl. 12, figs. 10, 11 (shell).

Vertigo (Vertigo) gouldi inserta Pilsbry. Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 976; fig. 10, 12 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1953; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 105: 164 — Bequaert & Miller, 1973: 187.

TYPE LOCALITY — Bear Wallow, Santa Catalina Mountains, Pima Co., Arizona. Holotype ANSP 109559.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — CHIHUAHUA: Sierra de la Breña, ca. 16 mi. SW of Colonia Juarez (Bequaert & Miller, 1973).

Vertigo(Vertigo) ovata Say, 1822

Vertigo ovata Say, 1822 Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2: 375.

Vertigo (Vertigo) ovata (Say). Pilsbry, 1919; Man. Conch., 25: 83-88 — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 953; figs. 513: 1-3, 4, 7 (shell) — Bequaert & Miller, 1973: 183 — Smith, Miller, Christensen & Roth, 1990; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 47: 109; fig. 13 (map).

Pupa ovata (Say). Von Martens, 1898: 327.

TYPE LOCALITY — Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Widespread in North America and the West Indies. BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE: On road to La Playa, 0.3 km SSE of San Jose del Cabo; Sierra Laguna (Smith, et al, 1990). SONORA: drift of Rio Sonoyta, at Sonoyta, 5 mi. S of the Arizona border (Bequaert & Miller, 1973). VERACRUZ: Veracruz (Von Martens, 1898; Pilsbry, 1919, questions this record).

Subgenus Alloptyx Pilsbry, 1953

Alloptyx Pilsbry, 1953; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 105: 164.

TYPE SPECIES — Vertigo hinkleyi Pilsbry, 1921.

DISTRIBUTION — Arizona and Chihuahua.

TAXONOMY — A single species is recognized.

Vertigo(Alloptyx) hinkleyi Pilsbry, 1921

Vertigo hinkleyi Pilsbry, 1921; Man. Conch., 26: 234; pl. 6, figs. 12-16 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 945; fig. 542: 12-16 (shell).

Vertigo (Alloptyx) hinkleyi Pilsbry. Pilsbry, 1953; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 105: 164-165.

TYPE LOCALITY — Cave Canyon near the reservoir, Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Holotype ANSP 46263.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — CHIHUAHUA; Sierra de la Breña on the road to Pacheco, 17.5 km from Pearson, 7000 ft. alt. (Pilsbry, 1953)

Subgenus Angustula Sterki, 1888

Angustula Sterki, 1888; Proc. U. S. National Museum, 11: 378 — Pilsbry, 1919; Man. Conch., 25: 145 — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 944.

TYPE SPECIES — Pupa milium Gould, 1840.

DISTRIBUTION — Eastern North America, west to South Dakota, Colorado and Arizona, Jamaica, Hispaniola and Bermuda.

TAXONOMY — Two species are recognized. One occurs in the study area.

Vertigo(Angustula) milium (A. A. Gould, 1840)

Pupa milium Gould, 1840; Boston Journal of Natural History, 3: 402.

Vertigo milium (Gould). Binney, 1878; Terr. Moll., 5: 215; pl. 71, fig. 1 — Hinkley, 1907; Nautilus, 21: 77 — Pilsbry, Man. Conch., 25: 146-149; pl. 13, figs. 1-7 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 944-945; figs. 509a-e (shell) — Pérez & López, 2002: 108-106; pl. 15 (shell); text-fig (distribution map).

TYPE LOCALITY — Oak Island, Chelsea, near Boston, Massachusetts.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — Eastern North America, west to South Dakota, Colorado and Arizona, Jamaica and Hispaniola (Pilsbry, 1948). NICARAGUA: “common in the hilly northern central part of the country” (Pérez & López, 2002). TAMAULIPAS: Tampico (Hinkley, 1907).

Genus Nearctula Sterki, 1892

Nearctula Sterki, 1892; Nautilus, 8: 5 — Smith, Miller, Christensen & Roth, 1990; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 47: 109.

TYPE SPECIES — Pupa californica Rowell,1861 = Pupa rowelli Newcomb, 1860 (Smith, et al, 1990).

DISTRIBUTION — San Francisco, California south to Bahia San Quintin, Baja California Norte.

TAXONOMY — The genus includes two species and several subspecies. Two species and three subspecies occur in the study area.

Nearctula rowelli diegoensis (Sterki, 1890)

Pupa californica var. diegoensis Sterki, 1890; Nautilus, 4: 18.

Vertigo californica diegoensis (Serki). Pilsbry, 1918; Man. Conch., 25: 141; pl. 9, fig. 8 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1948; Land Moll. N. Amer., 2: 996-998; figs. 533: 8, 11 (shell).

Nearctula rowelli diegoensis (Sterki). Smith, Miller, Christensen & Roth 1990: 109; fig. 13 (map).

TYPE LOCALITY — False Bay near Asher Station, San Diego, California.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE: San Ramon; Isla San Martin (Pilsbry, 1948); Bahia Todos Santos; nr. Bahia San Quintin; W shore of Bahia San Quintin; hills W of Bahia San Quintin (Smith, et al, 1990).

Nearctula rowelli catalinaria (Sterki)

Vertigo califronica catalinaria (Sterki). Pilsbry, 1927; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4) 16: 174; pl. 7, fig. 5 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1934; Man. Conch., 28: 97; pl. 15, fig. 8 (shell).

Nearctula rowelli catalinaria (Sterki). Smith, Miller, Christensen & Roth 1990: 109; fig. 13 (map).

TYPE LOCALITY — Santa Catalina Island, Chanel Islands, California.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — California Chanel Islands south along the coast to northern Baja California Norte. BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE: Guadalupe Island, about 1000 ft above the landing at Northeast Anchorage; ca. 2 mi. N of S end of island on E side; Sierra San Pedro Martir, along road to astronomical observatory area, 2700 m alt. (Smith, et al, 1990).

Nearctula rowelli guadalupensis (Pilsbry, 1927)

Vertigo californica guadalupensis Pilsbry, 1927; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4) 16: 175; pl. 7, fig. 4 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1934; Man. Conch., 28: 97; pl. 15, fig. 7 (shell).

Nearctula rowelli guadalupensis (Pilsbry). Smith, Miller, Christensen & Roth 1990: 109.

TYPE LOCALITY — Guadalupe Island, Baja California Norte. Holotype CAS 2582.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE: known only from the type locality.

Nearctula degeneris (Pilsbry, 1927)

Vertigo degeneris Pilsbry, 1927; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4) 16: 175; pl. 7, fig. 6 (shell) — Pilsbry, 1934; Man. Conch., 28: 98; pl. 15, fig. 9 (shell).

Nearctula degerneris (Pilsbry). Smith, Miller, Christensen & Roth 1990: 110.

TYPE LOCALITY — About 1000 feet above the landing at Northeast Anchorage, Guadalupe Island, Baja California Norte. Holotype CAS 2583.

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS — BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE: known only from the type locality.