Mammals are a bit odd when it comes to bones. Rather than the bony plates and scales of crocodiles, turtles, lizards, dinosaurs and fish, mammals long ago traded in their ancestral suit of armor for a layer of insulating hair.

Armadillos, with their protective and flexible shell of imbricated bone, are considered the only living exception. But a new study, published today in the journal iScience, unexpectedly shows that African spiny mice produce the same structures beneath the skin of their tails, which until now had gone largely undetected.

The discovery was made during routine CT scanning of museum specimens for the openVertebrate program, an initiative to provide 3D models of vertebrate organisms for researchers, educators and artists.

“I was scanning a mouse specimen from the Yale Peabody Museum, and the tails looked abnormally dark,” said co-author Edward Stanley, director of the Florida Museum of Natural History’s digital imaging laboratory.

He initially assumed the discoloration was caused by an imperfection introduced during the specimen’s preservation. But when he analyzed the X-rays several days later, Stanley observed an unmistakable feature he was intimately familiar with.

“My entire PhD was focused on osteoderm development in lizards. Once the specimen scans had been processed, the tail was very clearly covered in osteoderms.”

Spiny mice osteoderms have been observed at least once before and were noted by German biologist Jochen Niethammer, who compared their architecture to medieval stonework in an article published in 1975. Niethammer correctly interpreted the plates as being a type of bone but never followed up on his initial observations, and the group was largely overlooked for several decades — until scientists discovered another, seemingly unrelated peculiarity of spiny mice.

A study from 2012 demonstrated spiny mice can completely regenerate injured tissue without scarring, an ability common in reptiles and invertebrates but previously unknown in mammals. Their skin is also particularly fragile, tearing at roughly one-fourth the amount of force required to injure the skin of a common mouse. But spiny mice can heal twice as fast as their relatives.

Spiny mice have a wide distribution throughout much of Africa and the Middle East, where they live in hot, arid environments.

Spiny mice have no shortage of predators, which include foxes and owls, and their survival often depends on the ability to quickly escape when attacked.

Researchers hoping to find a model for human tissue regeneration have begun mapping the genetic pathways that give spiny mice their extraordinary powers of healing. One such researcher, Malcolm Maden, just so happened to work in the building across from Stanley’s office.

“Spiny mice can regenerate skin, muscle, nerves, spinal cord and perhaps even cardiac tissue, so we maintain a colony of these rare creatures for research,” said Maden, a biology professor at the University of Florida and lead author on the study.

Maden and his colleagues analyzed the development of spiny mice osteoderms, confirming that they were in fact similar to those of armadillos but had most likely evolved independently. Osteoderms are also distinct from the scales of pangolins or the quills of hedgehogs and porcupines, which are composed of keratin, the same tissue that makes up hair, skin and nails.

There are four genera of spiny mice, which all belong to the subfamily Deomyinae. However, aside from similarities in their DNA and potentially the shape of their teeth, scientists have been unable to find a single feature shared among species of this group that distinguishes them from other rodents.

Stanley, suspecting their differences might only be skin deep, scanned additional museum specimens from all four genera. In each, he the found spiny mice tails were covered in the same sheath of bone. The closest relatives of Deomyinae — gerbils — lacked osteoderms, meaning the trait had likely evolved just once, in the ancestor of erstwhile disparate spiny mice.

Armadillos and many of their extinct relatives — including giant ground sloths and glyptodonts — are well-known for their osteoderm plating.

Osteoderms have evolved multiple times in different animal groups, and their presence in spiny mice further indicates the genetic pathways needed to produce them are highly conserved among vertebrates.

While uncommon in mammals, osteoderms are widespread in other vertebrate groups, including reptiles, fish and even amphibians.

The ubiquity of osteoderms in the group indicate they serve an important protective function. Just what that function might be wasn’t immediately apparent, however, due to yet another peculiar attribute of spiny mice: Their tails are uncharacteristically detachable. Tail loss is so common in some spiny mouse species that nearly half the individuals of a given population have been shown to lack them in the wild.

“This was a real head-scratcher,” Stanley said. “Spiny mice are famously able to deglove their tails, meaning the outer layer of skin comes off, leaving behind the muscle and bone. Individuals will often chew off the remainder of the tail when this happens.”

Despite their powers of regeneration, tail shedding is a trick that spiny mice can only perform once. Unlike some lizards, they can’t regrow their tails, and not every part of the tail separates easily.

To find out why rodents that seem ambivalent about keeping their tails would go through the trouble of covering them in armor, the authors turned to a group of similarly odd fish-scale geckos from Madagascar. Most geckos lack osteoderms, but as their name implies, fish-scale geckos are covered in thin, overlapping plates, and just like spiny mice, they have incredibly fragile skin that sheds at the slightest provocation.

According to Stanley, the osteoderms in fish-scale geckos and spiny mice possibly function like a type of escape mechanism.

“If a predator bites down on the tail, the armor might keep the teeth from sinking into the tissue beneath, which doesn’t detach,” he said. The outer skin and its complement of bone plating pull away from the tail when attacked, affording the mouse a quick escape.

Trey Polvadore, Arod Polanco and Brad Barbazuk of the University of Florida are also co-authors of the study.

Funding for the study was partially provided by the National Science Foundation (grant nos. 1558017 and 1701714) and the National Institutes of Health (grant no. R25GM115298).

Sources: Edward Stanley, elstanley@flmnh.ufl.edu;
Malcolm Maden, malcmaden@ufl.edu

Writer: Jerald Pinson, jpinson@flmnh.ufl.edu, 352-294-0452